An article presents technology of grinding and polishing of small glass areas down to 1 mm2 with optical quality. This technology problem relates to grant project solution ''Metastable water and water vapor'' GAČR No. 101/05/2214, where the surface tension of supercooled water has to be measured. We present experimental results of three possible technology approach of capillary tip finishing of final dimension 0.98/0.32 mm. Special focus is attended to capillary mounting appropriate for both machining and later experimental application too. and Příspěvek je zaměřen na technologii broušení a leštění malých skleněných ploch cca do 1mm2 s optickou kvalitou. Zvládnutí této problematiky úzce souvisí s měřením povrchového napětí přechlazené vody v rámci spoluúčasti autorů na řešení grantu ''Metastabilní voda a vodní pára'' GAČR č. 101/05/2214. Jsou uvedeny postupně tři možnosti opracování čela kapiláry s konečným rozměrem 0,98/0,32 mm včetně konkrétních výsledků. Pozornost je věnována i způsobu uchycení kapiláry, vhodným pro její montáž v experimentálním zařízení. To umožňuje sledovat změny tvaru mensiku kapaliny uvnitř kapiláry.
This article deals with modification and renovation of the ellipsometer Gaertner L119 and its using for thin-film structures study. The measurement process is fully automatized. The device works at constant wavelength in PCSA null regime and the data are obtained for various angles of incidence. The system was tested on a set of SiO2 thin-films prepared on Si single crystal wafers by thermal oxidation at 1200°C. The thicknesses obtained from experiment were compared with the results obtained by using of Yamaguchi type spectral ellipsometric system as well as with the data determined from white-light interferometry and spectral reflectometry. and Předložená práce se zabývá popisem úprav a modernizace elipsometru Gaertner L119 a jeho využitím pro studium tenkých vrstev s automatizovaným režimem měřicího procesu. Zařízení se využívá jako nulovací elipsometr v konfiguraci PCSA pro měření na jedné vlnové délce při různých úhlech dopadu. K testování přístroje byla provedena měření tloušťky vrstev SiO2 připravených termickou oxidací na monokrystalických křemíkových deskách při teplotě 1200 °C. Naměřené tloušťky byly porovnány jednak s výsledky měření na spektrálním elipsometru systému Yamaguchi a také s interferometrickými a reflektometrickými měřeními v bílém světle.
The paper’s primary objective is to discuss the arrangements of grave pits at the Early Medieval agglomeration Mikulčice-Valy. They include steps, wooden structures, stone structures and special arrangements. The established facts about the form, frequency, etc., are then compared with the situation at other central fortified settlements in Great Moravia (Pohansko near Břeclav and Staré Město – Uherské Hradiště). The second objective of the book is to critically evaluate the phenomenon of so-called “tombs” at the burial site near the 3rd church on the acropolis of the Mikulčice fortified settlement. Since the introduction of this term in archaeological literature by J. Poulík in 1967, these find units have never been comprehensively presented and their interpretation as tombs with stone structures has not been adequately documented or backed by arguments. The paper is based on the original documentation of the research in 1956–1957; these find units are reinterpreted using analysis and comparison of the burial rite attributes of the graves. Based on the analysis of the find situation, the authors do not consider the term “tomb” as relevant at the Mikulčice agglomeration.
This study deals with the changes in position of the office of moravian land captain during the reign of last members of house Luxemburg in Moravia, since the ascension of king Venceslaus IV. in the year 1411, over the reign of Sigismund of Hungary, to the granting of Moravian margravate to Albrecht V. of Habsburg in october 1423. The author corrects some deficiencies of existing literature and specifies the chronology of holders of this office. Based on the analysisi of sources are also reconstructed purviews and areas, in which the land captain could intervene and their changes in time of hussite wars and reign of different margraves. This work also captures the way of appointment and deposition of land captains by the ruler and different strategies and attempts to alternate arrangement of administration of Moravian margravate by Sigismund of Hungary, when he tried to sideline this office, which became more and more dependent on the forming high nobility estate.
During the medieval and early modern eras, most of the European urban authorities intended to rule their cities for the «common good», together with respecting the social hierarchy and privileged status. In the 18th century, however, many voices raised for improving the urban policing and reforming old regulations. Most of police officers claimed for equality of every inhabitant with regards to local police ordinances and petty police courts. But even if the urban rules agreed with their arguments for a more efficient policing, they could not prescribe an equality that would overthrow the Ancien Régime’s social order. Brussels in the 18th century is a good example of this contradiction. It was there impossible to reform the policing for the foreigners nor to create a professional night-watch, because of the strong reluctance of the city aldermen to abandon social privileges which were seen as fundamental freedoms of the country., Catherine Denys ; translated by Laura Bennett., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The article deals with the problem of determination of basic parameters of unknown lenses, namely their radii of curvature, thicknesses and refractive indices of materials (e.g. optical glasses) from which these lenses are made. Four methods are proposed to obtain these parameters and mathematical relationships are derived that allow to determine the refractive index and Abbe number of lens material based on the measured radius values, the thickness and the position of the focal point or the focal length. and V článku je řešena problematika určení základních parametrů neznámých čoček, a to jejich poloměrů křivosti, tlouštěk a indexů lomu materiálů (např. optických skel), z kterých jsou tyto čočky zhotoveny. Jsou navrženy čtyři metody získání těchto parametrů a jsou odvozeny matematické vztahy, které umožňují určit index lomu a Abbeovo číslo materiálu čoček, a to na základě naměřených hodnot poloměrů křivosti, tloušťky a polohy obrazového ohniska nebo velikosti ohniskové vzdálenosti.