Neotectonics of the Carpathians used to be studied extensively, particular attention being paid to the effects of large-scale domal uplifts and open folding above marginal zones of thrusts and imbricated map-scale folds, and rarely to the characteristics of young faulting. Neotectonic faults tend to be associated with the margins of the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin, superposed on the boundary between the Inner and Outer Western Carpathians, as well as with some regions within the Outer Carpathians. The size of Quaternary tilting of the Tatra Mts. on the sub-Tatric fault were estimated at 100 to 300 m, and recent vertical crustal movements of this area detected by repeated precise levelling are in the range of 0.4-1.0 mm/yr in rate. Minor vertical block movements of oscillatory character (0.5-1 mm/yr) were detected along faults cutting the Pieniny Klippen Belt owing to repeated geodetic measurements performed on the Pieniny geodynamic test area. In the western part of the Western Outer Carpathians, middle and late Pleistocene reactivation of early Neogene thrust surfaces was suggested. Differentiated mobility of reactivated as normal Miocene faults (oriented (N-S to NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW) in the medial portion of the Dunajec River drainage basin appears to be indicated by the results of long-profile analyses of deformed straths, usually of early and middle Pleistocene age. Quaternary uplift of the marginal part of the Beskid Niski (Lower Beskidy) Mts. (W-E to WNW-ESE), in the mid-eastern part of the Outer Western Carpathians of Poland, was estimated at 100-150 m, including no more than 40 m of uplift after the Elsterian stage. The state of research into young faulting of the Outer Carpathians of Poland is still far from sufficient., Witold Zuchiewicz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Two new species of Gyrodactylus (Gyrodactylidae) are described from Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns) and Corydoras ehrhardti Stcindachner (Callichthyidae) of Rio Piraquara, Municipality of Piraquara, near Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Gyrodactylus anisopharynx sp. n. and Gyrodactylus samirae sp. n. These species arc unique among the known Neotropical species of Gyrodactylus by the combination of several characters. Gyrodactylus anisopharynx is characterised by having hooks with point evenly curved, toe moderately pointed, round convex heel, straight sloping shelf, superficial bar with anterolateral projections and male copulatoiy organ armed with two rows of spinelets. Two variants of G. anisopharynx, of distinct pharynx size, are recognised: forma “largc-pharynx” and forma “small-pharynx". Gyrodactylus samirae is characterised by having hook with straight shaft, short slightly recurved point, truncate toe, trapezoidal heel, shelf slightly concave, orthogonal to shaft; anchors with relatively short superficial root; superficial bar with extremities lightly expanded; and male copulatory organ armed with two rows of spinelets. Paragyrodactyloides superbus (Szidat, 1973) is redescribed and transferred to Gyrodactylus based on examination of type and new specimens. Features previously considered as diagnostic for the genus are misinterpretations or primitive characters for Gyrodactylus spp.
Gyrodactylidae and Dactylogyridae (Monogenoidea) are described or reported from three species of Characidium Reinhardt (Crenuchidae), small species of Characiformes, from streams located in southern Brazilian states. Gyrodactylus carolinae sp. n. (Gyrodactylidae) is described from the body surface of Characidium lanei Travassos (type host), C. pterostictum Gomez, and Characidium sp. from streams in the states of Paraná and São Paulo. This new species closely resembles species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 described from species of Poeciliidae, from which it differs by the morphology of the hooks and nucleotide sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA. Gyrodactylus inesperatus sp. n. is described from the body surface of Characidium sp. from a stream in the State of São Paulo. The latter new species is characterised by lacking a shield on the superficial bar and by the morphology of the hooks, both unique characteristics for Neotropical species of Gyrodactylus. Marumbius gen. n. (Dactylogyridae) is proposed to accommodate two species, M. dorsivaginatus sp. n. from the gills of Characidium pterostictum (type host) and C. lanei, and M. amplexus sp. n. from the gills of C. lanei (all from the state of Paraná). Both species are characterised by having dorsal vagina, hook pairs 2-4, 6 and 7 composed by two subunits, hook pairs 1 and 5 lacking proximal subunit, and by the length of proximal subunits (when present) varying among hook pairs, completely or partially overlapping gonads, and male copulatory organ (MCO) represented by an incomplete coil of a sclerotized tube articulated to the accessory piece by a copulatory ligament. Cacatuocotyle paranaensis Boeger, Domingues et Kritsky, 1997 is reported from C. lanei at low prevalence in the Rio Marumbi (state of Paraná). The Monogenoidea that parasitize species of Characidium are members of several independent lineages, some of distant evolutionary relationships, suggesting a complex origin for this parasitic fauna.
The monotypic Protorhinoxenus gen. n. is proposed to accommodate a species with the following characteristics: 1) tubular sclerotised vagina, 2) vaginal pore dextrolateral, 3) ventral and dorsal anchors with undifferentiated elongate shaft and base (representing approximately 2/3 of the length of anchor), and 4) superficial and deep roots of ventral and dorsal anchors lacking. Protorhinoxenus prochilodi sp. n. is described from the gills of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) of the Represa Capivari-Cachoeira, Municipality of Campina Grande do Sul, metropolitan area of Curitiba, Paraná. Specimens of other probable new species of Protorhinoxenus are reported from Prochilodus lineatus of the Rio Paranapanema, Municipality of Salto Grande, São Paulo; Hoplias spp. of the Rio Dois de Fevereiro, Municipality of Antonina, Paraná, and the Rio Piraquara, metropolitan area of Curitiba, Paraná; Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes of the Rio Tibagi, Municipality of Jataizinho, Paraná; and Schizodon fasciatum Agassiz of the Rio Solimões, island of Marchantaria, near Manaus, Amazonas. Protorhinoxenus appears to be a sister group of Rhinoxenus Kritsky, Boeger et Thatcher, 1988 based on the following apparent synapomorphies: 1) ventral and dorsal anchors lacking superficial and deep roots, 2) ventral and dorsal anchors with elongate shaft, and 3) male copulatory organ with counterclockwise rings.
Morphometric analyses are used to evaluate the taxonomic status of two sympatric variants of Gyrodactylus anisopharynx Popazoglo et Boeger, 2000 (forma ''large-pharynx'' and forma ''small-pharynx''). The parasites were collected from the Piraquara River and the Miringuava River, State of Paraná, Brazil, between February 2005 and May 2006. A total of 132 parasites were measured from two hosts, Corydoras ehrhardti Steindachner and Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns). Eleven morphological features of the haptoral sclerites and pharynx were measured and analysed by discriminant analysis and principal components analysis. The results indicate that the observed morphological variation cannot be associated to intraspecific variation or phenotypic plasticity (P < 0.0001). Consequently, the two variants previously allocated in G. anisopharynx represent two independent species. Since the holotype was defined as the variant ''large-pharynx'', Gyrodactylus corydori sp. n. is proposed to accommodate specimens previously reported as ''small-pharynx'' variant of G. anisopharynx. Morphometric analyses showed that the hook, the anchor, and the pharyngeal bulb are significantly distinct (P < 0.0001) between G. corydori sp. n. and G. anisopharynx (s.s.). The new species is characterized by having hooks with point moderately curved, robust convex heel, convex shelf, toe concave moderately pointed with depression; deep bar with two submedial, posterior projections; anchors with robust superficial root; superficial bar with two small anterolateral projections; and male copulatory organ armed with two rows of spinelets.
Anacanthorus franciscanus sp. n. and Anacanthorus brevicirrus sp. n. (Dactylogyridae) are described from the gills of the matrinchã, Brycon orthotaenia Günther (Characidae), from the Rio São Francisco in Brazil. Anacanthorus franciscanus most closely resembles Anacanthorus elegans and A. kruidenieri from the matrinchão, Brycon melanopterus, of the Amazon River Basin. It differs from these species in part by having the bulbous proximal end of the hook shank with two translucent regions. Anacanthorus brevicirrus resembles A. franciscanus, A. kruidenieri and A. elegans but is differentiated from these species by its short straight male copulatory organ and by having one translucent region in the bulbous base of the hook shank.
Based on molecular markers (COII and ITS1-ITS2) and morphological data, we describe three new Neotropical species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 from Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy et Gaimard) and Scleromystax macropterus (Regan) from southern Brazil. The three new species can be distinguished from each other by sequences of both molecular markers and morphology of hooks and anchors. Gyrodactylus bueni sp. n. is characterised by having hook with shaft curved, heel straight, shelf straight, toe pointed, anchor with superficial root slender, elongate and male copulatory organ armed with two rows of spinelets. Gyrodactylus major sp. n. presents hook with shaft, point curved, proximal shaft straight, heel convex, shelf convex, toe concave, anchor with superficial root robust and male copulatory organ armed with two rows of spinelets. Gyrodactylus scleromystaci sp. n. presents hook with shaft, point recurved, heel convex, shelf convex, toe pointed, anchor with superficial root curved and male copulatory organ armed with two rows of spinelets. These species appear to be closely related to other species of Gyrodactylus known from other species of Callichthyidae. These new species, however, differ by the comparative morphology of the haptoral hard structures and molecular data. Comparative analysis of sequences from these species of Gyrodactylus suggests that the COII gene may represent an important marker for the taxonomy of species of Gyrodactylidae and, perhaps, for species of other lineages of Monogenoidea.
The paper deals with the branch of imaging optics based on diffraction, and a special attention is concentrated on diffraction elements, which are not restricted on the paraxial space. The analysis is related first of all to distribution of rings on the element. Discussed are both plane and particularly spherical substrates of elements. The elements can not be designed for the object in infinity and therefore the image at the focusing distance only as it is in the original configuration, but for the axial object and image points in finite distances as well. The most general example of the element on the spherical substrate and design points in finite distances is an extend of the author’s previous paper published in a foreign journal. and Článek se zabývá oborem zobrazovací optiky založené na difrakci, zvláštní pozornost je věnována difrakčním prvkům, které se neomezují na paraxiální prostor. Analýza se týká především rozložení kroužků na prvku. Jsou diskutovány jak rovinné podložky prvků, tak zejména podložky kulové. Tyto prvky nemusejí být navrhovány pouze na předmět v nekonečnu, a tedy obraz v ohniskové rovině, jak je tomu u výchozí konfigurace, ale na osový předmětový i obrazový bod v konečných vzdálenostech. Nejobecnější případ prvku na kulové podložce a návrhových bodů v konečných vzdálenostech je rozšířením autorovy dřívější práce v zahraničním časopisu.
Elusive chloride channels. Chloride channels, in particular CA-activatad ones (CaCCs), are major regulators of sensory transduction, epithelial secretion, and smooth muscle contraction. They play also crucial roles in algae action potential and in generation and prevention of polyspermia in egg membrane. The research is described how some molecular candidates with properties characteristic of most CaCCs in native cells were identified using axolotl oocytes as an expresive system. The TMEM16A were identified as the oocyte CaCC. The TMEM16 family of transmembrane proteins with yet unknown function is conserved among eukaryotes, with family members linked to tracheomalacia (mouse TMEM16A), gnathodiaphysical dysplasia (human TMEM16E), aberrant X segregation (a Drosophila TMEM16 family member) and increased sodium tolerance (yeast TMEM16). The identification of this new family of ion channels may help the development of Ca CC antibodies and modulators for treating serious diseases such as hypertension or cystic fibrosis.