The following text outlines some aspects of people‘s decision making process during elections in modern mass democracies. Particularly, the aspect of (in)competence of electorate or, as the case may be, the problem of rationality of the political audiance that creates the public opinion. The arguments proving the discrepancy between the normativ and the empiric character of public opinion are purposly disbalanced based on the evaluation of reality. This, however, does not in any way influence the evaluation of adequacy of the democratic normativ., Není sporu o tom, že etablování všeobecného volebního práva v mnoha směrech proměnilo základní politický půdorys veřejného prostoru liberálních (ústavně pluralitních) demokracií. V tomto textu se pokusím načrtnout některé aspekty volebního rozhodování v moderních masových demokraciích, zejména pak téma (ne)kompetence voličů respektive problém racionality politického publika neboli veřejného mínění. Je třeba předeslat, že argumentace je vědomě poněkud jednostranně vystavěna na základě kritické evaluace reálného stavu a fakticky se nijak nedotýká hodnocení adekvátnosti demokratického normativu., Daniel Kunštát., and Seznam literatury
High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), contrary to conventional ventilation, enables a safe increase in tidal volume (VT) without endangering alveoli by volutrauma or barotrauma. The aim of the study is to introduce the concept of normocapnic high frequency oscillatory hyperventilation and to assess its effect upon oxygen gain under experiment al conditions. Laboratory pigs (n=9) were investigated under total intravenous anesthesia in three phases. Phase 1: Initial volume controlled HFOV period. Phase 2 : Hyperventilation - VT was increased by (46 ± 12) % when compared to normocapnic VT during phase 1. All other ventilatory parameters were unchanged. A significant increase in PaO 2 (by 3.75 ± 0.52 kPa, p<0.001) and decrease in PaCO 2 (by -2.05 ± 0.31 kPa, p<0.001) were obtained. Phase 3: Normocapnia during hyperventilation was achiev ed by an iterative increase in the CO 2 fraction in the inspiratory gas by a CO2 admixture. All ventilatory parameters were unchanged. A significant increase in PaO2 (by 3.79 ± 0.73 kPa, p<0.001), similar to that which was observed in phase 2, was preserved in phase 3 whereas normocapnia was fully re-established. The concept of high frequency normocapnic hyperventilation offers a lung protective strategy that significantly improves oxygenation whilst preserving normocapnia., K. Roubík, J. Pachl, V. Zábrodský., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The recently reported differences between pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndromes (ARDSp, ARDSexp) are the main reasons of scientific discussion on potential differences in the effects of current ventilatory strategies. The aim of this study is to assess whether the presence of ARDSp or ARDSexp can differently affect the beneficial effects of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) upon physiological and clinical parameters. Thirty adults fulfilling the ARDS criteria were indicated for HFOV in case of failure of conventional
ventilation strategy. According to the ARDS type, each patient was included either in the group of patients with ARDSpor ARDSexp. Six hours after normocapnic HFOV introduction, there was no significant increase in PaO
2/FIO2 in ARDSpgroup (from 129±47 to 133±50 Torr), but a significant improvement was found in ARDSexp (from 114±54 to 200±65 Torr, p<0.01). Despite the insignificant difference in the latest mean airway pressure (MAP) on conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) between both groups, initial optimal continuous distension pressure (CDP) for the best
PaO2/FIO2 during HFOV was 2.0±0.6 kPa in ARDSp and 2.8±0.6 kPa in ARDS
exp (p<0.01). HFOV recruits and thus it is more effective in ARDSexp. ARDS
exp patients require higher CDP levels than ARDSp patients. The testing period for positive effect of HFOV is recommended not to be longer than 24 hours.
Climate change may facilitate shifts in the ranges and the spread of insect pests, but a warming climate may also affect herbivorous insects adversely if it disrupts the locally adapted synchrony between the phenology of insects and that of their host plant. The ability of a pest species to colonize new areas depends on its ability to adjust the timing of phenological events in its life cycle, particularly at high latitudes where there is marked seasonality in temperature and day length. Here we incubated eggs of three species of geometrid moth, Epirrita autumnata, Operophtera brumata and Erannis defoliaria from different geographical populations (E. autumnata and O. brumata from Northern Finland, E. autumnata and E. defoliaria from Southern Finland and all three species from Germany) in a climate chamber at a constant temperature to determine the relative importance of geographic origin in the timing of egg hatch measured in terms of cumulative temperature sums (degree days above 5°C, DD5); i.e. the relative importance of local adaptation versus phenotypic plasticity in the timing of egg hatch. In all three species, eggs from northern populations required a significantly lower temperature sum for hatching than eggs from southern populations, but the differences between them in temperature sum requirements varied considerably among species, with the differences being largest for the earliest hatching and northernmost species, E. autumnata, and smallest for the southern, late-hatching E. defoliaria. In addition, the difference in hatch timing between the E. autumnata eggs from Southern Finland and Germany was many times greater than the difference between the two Finnish populations of E. autumnata, despite the fact that the geographical distances between these populations is similar. We discuss how these differences in hatching time may be explained by the differences in hatch-budburst synchrony and its importance for different moth species and populations. We also briefly reflect on the significance of photoperiod, which is not affected by climate change. It is a controller that works parallel or in addition to temperature sum both for egg hatch in moths and bud burst of their host plants., Julia Fält-Nardmann, Tero Klemola, Mechthild Roth, Kai Ruohomäki, Kari Saikkonen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Už 4,5 miliónu let nás vyvýšená hlava, vpřímená postava a bipední lokomoce odlišuje od většiny savců. Tento článek zvažuje důvody pro tuto evoluční změnu (např. tlak prostředí), její známé přednosti, ale také rizika. Bipední hominin byl ve srovnání se zvířecími predátory i kořistí pomalejší, jeho chrup jako zbraň či nástroj byl stále méně použitelný a tekutiny musel přenášet. Ale vzpřímení postavy uvolnilo lidskou ruku pro produkci artefaktů - nástrojů. Technologie, která původně umožnila přežití, v průběhu evoluce stimuluje strmý demografický růst a ten zpětně vyžaduje další technologické i organizační inovace. Dnes už by bez nich lidé jako savci střední velikosti s velkou spotřebou a produkcí odpadu nemohli v počtu řádově miliard existovat., For 4.5 million years, our raised head, upright stature and bipedal locomotion have distinguished us from the majority of other mammals. The paper evaluates the reasons for this evolutionary change (such as environmental pressure), its advantages but also risks. Compared to animal predators and prey, the bipedal hominid was slower and his dentition less usable as a tool or weapon. However, the raised stature made the hand free for production of artifacts - tools. Technology, which enabled survival at the beginning, stimulated steep demographic growth during later evolution., and Jiří Svoboda.
V rámci společného projektu společnosti Honeywell a ČVUT v Praze "Honeywell Nobel Initiative" přednesl 31. března v Praze na Fakultě elektrotechnické ČVUT přednášku prof. Theodor W. Hänsch, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku v roce 2005. Následující den pak proběhl seminář s pracovním názvem "Ke kvantové laboratoři na čipu" (Towards a quantum laboratory on a chip) a beseda se studenty a pedagogy. and Andrea Cejnarová.
Autoři analyzovali úmrtnost mláďat nosorožce indického (Rhinoceros unicornis) v zoologických zahradách a v Národním parku Dudhwa (srovnání vlivu křížení populací původem z Nepálu a Ásámu a vlivu zkušeností matky prvorodičky versus zkušenější samice) a přinášejí nové poznatky o tomto kriticky ohroženém druhu. and The authors analyzed young mortality in the Indian Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), also known as the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, in zoos and in the Dudhwa National Park – impact of hybridizing the populations originating from Nepal and Assam and of the experience of a primipara and that of a more experienced female, i.e. parity.