A corpus of dialect speech from Tyneside in North-East England. digitized audio, standard orthographic transcription, phonetic transcription, and part-of-speech tagged
The Moon is our nearest celestial body, small variations of its motion are easy to observe. Ptolemy described the ecliptic longitude inequality in lunar motion, now known as the evection. From Ptolemy to the time of Newton the motion of the Moon was determined using kinematic models. The first qualitative dynamic model was published in Principia, where Newton showed that evection is a periodic inequality caused by the attraction of the Sun., Vladimír Štefl., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Phylogeography is experiencing a revolution brought on by next-generation sequencing methods. A historical survey of the phylogeographic literature suggests that phylogeography typically incorporates new questions, expanding on its classical domain, when new technologies offer novel or increased numbers of molecular markers. A variety of methods for subsampling genomic variation, including restriction site associated DNA sequencing (Rad-seq) and other next generation approaches, are proving exceptionally useful in helping to define major phylogeographic lineages within species as well as details of historical demography. Next-generation methods are also blurring the edges of phylogeography and related fields such as association mapping of loci under selection, and the emerging paradigm is one of simultaneously inferring both population history across geography and genomic targets of selection. However, recent examples, including some from our lab on Anolis lizards and songbirds, suggest that genome subsampling methods, while extremely powerful for the classical goals of phylogeography, may fail to allow phylogeography to fully achieve the goals of this new, expanded domain. Specifically, if genome-wide linkage disequilibrium is low, as is the case in many species with large population sizes, most genome subsampling methods will not sample densely enough to detect selected variants, or variants closely linked to them. We suggest that whole-genome resequencing methods will be essential for allowing phylogeographers to robustly identify loci involved in phenotypic divergence and speciation, while at the same time allowing free choice of molecular markers and further resolution of the demographic history of species.
Biologická léčba představuje nejúčinnější způsob léčby zánětlivých revmatických onemocnění. Významně zlepšila prognózu nemocných se zánětlivými revmatickými chorobami, stejně tak jako kvalitu jejich života. Pro léčbu revmatoidní artritidy jsou v současné době v České republice registrovány inhibitory TNFα (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, etanercept) a dále abatacept, rituximab a tocilizumab. Většina inhibitorů TNFα je též registrována pro spondyloartritidy (ankylozující spondylitida, psoriatická artritida, neradiografická spondyloartritida). Výrazný protizánětlivý zásah do sítě reakcí imunitního systému může vyvolat i různé nežádoucí účinky, včetně závažných. Přínos biologické terapie vysoce převyšuje riziko případných nežádoucích účinků, nicméně je třeba znát jejich spektrum (infekce, nemoci plicní, kardiovaskulární, neurologické, hematologické aj.), aktivně je vyhledávat a léčit, případně jim předcházet. Při sledování bezpečnosti biologické léčby jednotlivými léky se řídíme doporučenými postupy odborných společností. Klíčová slova: biologická léčba – nežádoucí účinky – infliximab – adalimumab – golimumab – certolizumab – etanercept – abatacept – rituximab – tocilizumab – zánětlivá revmatická onemocnění, Biological therapy represents the most efficient approach in the management of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. It has significantly improved the prognosis of rheumatic patients as welland their quality of their life. TNFα inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, etanercept), abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab are currently registered for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the Czech Republic. Most of the TNFα inhibitors are also registered also for spondyloarthritides (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, non-radiographic spondyloarthritis). The Ssignificant anti-inflammatory effect on the immune system reactions network may also induce various undesirable effects, including serious adverse events. The benefit of biological treatment is significantly higher than the risk of potential adverse events,; nevertheless, it is very important to know their spectrum (infections; pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological, haematological diseases etc.), diagnose them actively, and treat or prevent them. Safety monitoring of biological treatment follows the guidelines of professional societies. Key words: biological treatment – adverse effects – infliximab – adalimumab – golimumab – certolizumab – etanercept – abatacept – rituximab – tocilizumab – inflammatory rheumatic diseases, and Olejárová M.