Úvod a cíl: S100B protein a neuron specifická enoláza (NSE) jsou intenzivně zkoumané markery poškození CNS. Ověření referenční hodnot v séru a variability výsledků na čase odběru, pohlaví a věku jsou základní podmínky interpretace měřených hodnot. Matriál a metoda: Referenční interval jsme ověřili na 50 dobrovolnících, z nichž 10 mělo opakované odběry po 6 a 24 hodinách. Následně jsme analyzovali vliv věku, pohlaví, doby odběru na referenční meze, která byly stanoveny jako 95% percentil referenční skupiny. Výsledky a závěr: Zjistili jsem, že hodnoty NSE a S100B nevykazují klinicky významnou závislost na době odběru, pohlaví a věku. Hodnoty NSE mají vyšší variabilitu výsledků a cca 8 % vzorků muselo být vyloučeno z analýzy pro viditelnou hemolýzu. U S100B proteinu jsme zjistili vyšší horní referenční limit 0,2 μg/l, než je udávaný výrobcem; to však nemá zásadní klinický dopad na hodnocení výsledků., Objective: S100B protein and neuron specific enolase (NSE) are nowadays intensively investigated as markers of central nervous system damage. Verification of reference values and result variability (biological) are basic conditions of results interpretation. Material and Methods: Reference intervals were verified on 50 volunteers, from them 10 had done repeatedly blood sampling after 6 and 24 hours from baseline. The influence of age, sex and time of sampling on reference cut offs were than analysed. Cut-offs were established as 95% percentile of marker level in analysed group. Results and conclusion: We found that, NSE and S100B levels do not show any clinically important dependence on the time of sampling, age and sex. NSE levels appear to have higher result variability and approximately 8% of samples had to be excluded from analysis due to visible haemolysis. We established a higher reference cut off for S100B – 0.2 μg/l, than manufacturer had set up, but it did not have any crucial effect on clinical evaluation of results., Richard Pikner, Pavel Lavička, S. Kormuda, and Lit. 28
This papers extends the Inclusion Principle to a class of linear continuous-time uncertain systems with state as well as control delays. The derived expansion-contraction relations include norm bounded arbitrarily time-varying real uncertainties and a point delay. They are easily applicable also to polytopic uncertainties. These structural conditions are further specialized on closed-loop systems with arbitrarily time-varying parameters, a point delay, and guaranteed quadratic costs. A linear matrix inequality (LMI) delay independent procedure is used for control design in the expanded space. The results are specialized on the overlapping decentralized control design. A numerical illustrative example is supplied.
Cíl: Cílem studie bylo ověřit využitelnost ošetřovatelských intervencí NIC v ošetřovatelské praxi domácí péče a porovnat záznam aktuálních ošetřovatelských intervencí evidovaných v ošetřovatelské dokumentaci agentury domácí péče s navrhovaným souborem ošetřovatelských intervencí NIC. Metodika: Pilotní soubor o velikosti 110 ošetřovatelských intervencí a 2150 ošetřovatelských aktivit byl sestaven podle taxonomie NIC (Nursing Intervention Classification), jeho ověřování proběhlo u 30 klientů agentury domácí péče v roce 2011. Analýzou ošetřovatelské dokumentace 200 klientů stejné agentury byly pak sledovány reálné intervence a aktivity sester zaznamenané v ošetřovatelském plánu. Výsledky: Z pilotního souboru intervencí NIC využily sestry celkem 39 ošetřovatelských intervencí pro 221 potvrzených ošetřovatelských diagnóz NANDA-I. Nejvíce intervencí (73 %) bylo indikováno pro ošetřovatelské diagnózy Zhoršená pohyblivost, Riziko infekce, Riziko deficitu tělesných tekutin a Riziko porušení kožní integrity. Mezi nejčetnější ošetřovatelské intervence, které sestry ze souboru NIC vybíraly, patřily: Hospodaření s energií, Prevence pádu, Péče o ránu, Učení: předepsané činnosti/cvičení a Podpora cvičení. Ošetřovatelské činnosti reálně vykonávané sestrami u klientů ADP a zaznamenané v ošetřovatelském plánu (44 různých ošetřovatelských intervencí, 1406 provedených výkonů) se lišily od ošetřovatelských intervencí, které byly potvrzeny při pilotním ověřování. Pojmenování ošetřovatelských intervencí sestrami agentury domácí péče nereflektovalo terminologii NIC, proto nebyla data vzájemně porovnávána. Závěr: Používání jednotné ošetřovatelské terminologie je důležité pro přesnou a jednoznačnou komunikaci ošetřovatelských profesionálů, pro popis a evidenci práce sester a doložitelné vykazování ošetřovatelských činností., Aim: The aim of this study was to verify the utilization of nursing interventions NIC in home care and to compare the report of current nursing interventions recorded in nursing documentation in home care agency with proposed set of nursing interventions NIC. Methods: The sample of 110 nursing interventions and 2150 nursing activities was compiled according to taxonomy NIC (Nursing Intervention Classification), its verification was carried out in 30 home care agency clients in 2011. Using the analysis of nursing documentation in 200 clients of the same agency, were then monitored real interventions and activities by nurses recorded in nursing care plan. Results: From the pilot set of NIC interventions nurses have used 39 of nursing interventions for 221 confirmed nursing diagnoses NANDA-I. The most of interventions (73%) were indicated for nursing diagnoses: Impaired physical mobility, Risk for infection, Risk for deficient fluid volume and Risk for impaired skin integrity. Among the most frequent nursing interventions, which nurses have selected from NIC file, were: Energy management, Fall prevention, Wound care, Teaching: prescribed activities/exercise. Nursing activities actually performed by nurses in home care clients and recorded in nursing care plan (44 different nursing interventions, 1406 performed procedures) differed from nursing interventions that were confirmed during the pilot verification. Naming of nursing interventions by the nurses in home care agency did not reflect the NIC terminology, thus the data were not mutually compared. Conclusion: The use of uniform nursing terminology is essential for accurate and unambiguous communication of nursing professionals, for description and record of the work of nurses and for provable reporting of nursing activities., Darja Jarošová, Lucie Sikorová, and Literatura 18
More than one thousand rodent remains have been found in three different lacustrine sediment beds of Miocene age at Bełchatów (Poland) - an opencast brown coal mine. Three fossil assemblaged (Bełchatów C - the oldest, Bełchatów B and Bełchatów A) contain abundant rodent remains (mainly teeth) and correspond to biostratigraphic zone MN 4/5, MN 5/6 and MN 8/9, respectively. Aboud 80% of the rodent material was found in the uppermost layer (Bełchatów A). The remaining two assemblages, of not dissimilar ages and with similar Orleanian/ Astaracian faunas, countain 11% (Bełchatów B) and 9% (Bełchatów C) of the material studied. Most species (except for the relatively numerous Sciuridae and Castoridae and one dipodid tooth) have already been described. However, recent studies on cricetids and eomyids have led to a revision of the previously proposed ages of Bełchatów C and Bełchatów A.
The tensegrity framework consists of both compression numbers (struts) and tensile members (tendons) in a specific topology stabilized by induced prestress. Tensegrity plays a vital role in technological advancement of mankind in many fields ranging from classification of elementary cells of tensegrity structures including rhombic, circuit and Z type configuration. Further, different types of tensegrities created on the basis of these configurations are studied and analysed, for instance Tensegrity prism, Diamond tensegrity, and Zig-zag tensegrity. The Part II focuses on application of the tensegrity principle in construction of double layer high frequency tensegrity spheres. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The paper continues the overview of tensegrity, part I of which deals with the fundamental classification of tensegrities based on their topologies. This part II focuses on special features, classification and construction of high frequency tensegrity spheres. They have a wide range of applications in the construction of tough large scale domes, in the field of cellular mechanics, etc. The design approach of double layer high frequency tensegrities using T-tripods as compresion members for interconnecting the inner and outer layers of tendons is outlined. The construction of complicated single and double bonding spherical tensegrities using a repetitive pattern of three-strut octahedron tensegrity in its flattened form is reviewed. Form-finding procedure to design a new tensegrity structure or improve the existing one by achieving the desired topology and level of prestress is discussed at the end. The types of tensegrities, their configurations and topologies studied in both parts of this overview paper can be helpful for their recognition in different technical fields and,consequently, can bring their broader applications. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Authors compared bird communities living in five mountain areas in the northern Croatia (Risnjak, Papuk, Medvednica, Ivanščica and Cesargrad mountain) using multivariate explorative techniques of qualitative and quantitative historical data. Similarity matrices were prepared based on Bray-Courtis similarity among samples. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and complete linkage clustering on qualitative and quantitative similarity matrix respectively were made. Principal component analysis (PCA) on quantitative data revealed bird species that contributed the most to the variability of samples. First three dimensions explain 75.2% of variance in samples (53.1%, 13.5% and 8.6% respectively) while the greatest loadings are caused by abundant species like Sylvia atricapilla, Erithacus rubecula, Turdus merula and Phylloscopus collybita. Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed clear pattern in significant similarity among communities at low altitudes and at the same time – insignificant similarity among assemblages at different altitudes above the sea level (exception from the rule applies to the Papuk community at 600 m.a.s.l.). The clustering based on similarity matrix on qualitative data has shown clear separation among communities from different mountain areas. This study suggests that monitoring bird communities in the Croatian mountains must be designed as repeated sampling of quantitative data through time.
We studied the relationship between blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, ms/mmHg) in adolescents. We examined 34 subjects aged 16.2±2.4 years who had repeatedly high causal BP (H) and 52 controls (C) aged 16.4±2.2 years. Forty-four C and 22 H were of normal weight (BMI between 19-23.9), and 8 C and 12 H were overweight (BMI between 24-30). Systolic BP was recorded beat-to-beat for 5 min (Finapres, controlled breathing 0.33 Hz). BRS was determined by the cross-spectral method. The predicting power of BMI and BRS for hypertension was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating curve (ROC - plot of sensitivity versus specificity). H compared with C had lower BRS (p<0.01) and higher BMI (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis (p<0.001) revealed that a decreased BRS (p<0.05) and an increased BMI (p<0.01) were independently associated with an increased risk of hypertension. No correlation between BMI and BRS was found either in H or in C. Following optimal critical values by ROC, the sensitivity, specificity and area under ROC were determined for: BMI - 22.2 kg/m2, 61.8 %, 69.2 %, 66.0 %; BRS - 7.1 ms/mmHg, 67.7 %, 69.2 %, 70.0 %; BMI and BRS - 0.439 a.u., 73.5 %, 82.7 %, and 77.3 %. Decreased BRS and overweight were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension., K. Krontorádová, N. Honzíková, B. Fišer, Z. Nováková, E. Závodná, H. Hrstková, P. Honzík., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy