Comments on 11 species of cyanophilic lichens are presented. A new combination Peccania cernohorskyi is proposed, commented on and typified. Anema nodulosum, A. prodigulum, Lempholemma intricatum, Leptogium ferax, Porocyphus rehmicus and Zahlbrucknerella calcarea are reported from Slovakia for the first time, Leptogium biatorinum and L. magnussonii from Hungary, and Anema prodigulum, Heppia adglutinata, Leptogium biatorinum and Psorotichia taurica from the Czech Republic. Leptogium cretaceum is lectotypified.
Giant hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae), was introduced from the Caucasus into Western Europe more than 150 years ago and later became an invasive weed which created major problems for European authorities. Phytophagous insects were collected in the native range of the giant hogweed (Caucasus) and were compared to those found on plants in the invaded parts of Europe. The list of herbivores was compiled from surveys of 27 localities in nine countries during two seasons. In addition, literature records for herbivores were analysed for a total of 16 Heracleum species. We recorded a total of 265 herbivorous insects on Heracleum species and we analysed them to describe the herbivore assemblages, locate vacant niches, and identify the most host-specific herbivores on H. mantegazzianum. When combining our investigations with similar studies of herbivores on other invasive weeds, all studies show a higher proportion of specialist herbivores in the native habitats compared to the invaded areas, supporting the "enemy release hypothesis" (ERH). When analysing the relative size of the niches (measured as plant organ biomass), we found less herbivore species per biomass on the stem and roots, and more on the leaves (Fig. 5). Most herbivores were polyphagous generalists, some were found to be oligophagous (feeding within the same family of host plants) and a few had only Heracleum species as host plants (monophagous). None were known to feed exclusively on H. mantegazzianum. The oligophagous herbivores were restricted to a few taxonomic groups, especially within the Hemiptera, and were particularly abundant on this weed.
This paper investigates and evaluates the effects of ecological management on the vegetation of roadside verges in the Netherlands, conducted by the Ministry of Transport (PublicWorks Department). A total of 545 relevés, made between 1986 and 1988, were re-examined in 2001. Data were analysed for changes in number of species, rarity of species, red list (endangered) species and syntaxonomical species groups. The total number of species almost did not change. Common species increased while rare species decreased. The red list species declined by 40%. Species from shrub and woodland, from fertile, wet soils and from nitrophilous fringes increased, while species characteristic of relatively open and nutrient-poor habitats and some pioneer communities decreased. Plant communities were valued, and phytosociological changes were evaluated, using the deductive method of Kopecký and Hejný and knowledge about vulnerability, rarity and replaceability. In 44.5% of the 465 evaluated relevés, the vegetation value remained unchanged, in 23.0% it decreased and in 32.5% it increased. The different trends tended to counterbalance one another, resulting in an unchanged mean vegetation value. The increase in vegetation value is mainly due to the increase in relevés containing species rich Arrhenatheretum-subassociations. The decrease is mainly due to a decrease in moist heath, dry sandy pioneer communities and grasslands on relatively poor soils, and the increase of species-poor nitrophilous tall herb communities and woody vegetation. In some of the verges studied, the vegetation value decreased as a result of inappropriate management and construction. Suggestions for improvement are given. Local successes indicate that appropriate management can considerably improve the botanical value of roadside verges, and consequently their value for other life forms.
Band II, Obsahuje:
Improvisationen, Op. 92
Improvisationen, Op. 111
Fandango, Op. 116 No. 1, Cis mol
Menuett, Op. 116 No. 2, Es dur
Maskenball, Op. 121
Suite, Op. 124
3 kleine Walzer, Op. 135
8 Mazurken, Op. 136, and Skladby pro klavír na jednu a na dvě ruce.
We deal with a logistic problem motivated by a case study from a company dealing with inland transportation of piece goods in regular cycles. The problem consists in transportation of goods among regional centres -- hubs of a network. Demands on transportation are contained in a matrix of flows of goods between pairs of hubs. The transport is performed by vehicles covering the shipping demands and the task is to design a cyclical route and to place a depot for each vehicle. The route depot can be placed in any hub of the route. Goods can be transferred from one route and vehicle to another route and vehicle. The aim is to minimize the total transportation cost. The task is classified as a new case of the pickup and delivery problem with split demand and transfers (SDPDPT). We propose a mathematical model and prove NP-hardness of the problem. We study demand reducibility. We also deal with skip pickup and delivery problem as a special case and show its complexity.
Female, physogastric female and male of Picobia polonica sp. n. collected from the domestic hen Gallus gallus domesticus (L.) in Poland are described and the phenomenon of physogastry in this and related species is briefly discussed. Picobia polonica is similar to Picobia khulkhshani (Kivganov et Sharafat, 1995). These two species can be distinguished by the following characters: P. polonica: chelicerae dentate, each with three minute teeth; setae g1 and pg2 subequal in length; ratio pg1 : pg2, 3 : 1. P. khulkhshani: chelicerae edentate; setae g1 twice shorter than pg2; ratio pg1 : pg2, 1.6 : 1.
In the paper we present an identity of the Picone type for a class of nonlinear differential operators of the second order involving an arbitrary norm H in ℝ n which is continuously differentiable for x ≠ 0 and such that Hp is strictly convex for some p > 1. Two important special cases are the p-Laplacian and the so-called pseudo p-Laplacian. The identity is then used to establish a variety of comparison results concerning nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations which involve such operators. We also get criteria for the nonexistence of positive solutions in exterior domains for such equations by means of comparison with the equation exhibiting a kind of ''anisotropic radial symmetry''.