Our main objective was to test whether chronic orthostatic body position induces network changes in the saphenous vein superficial tributary system of the rat. Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were kept in tilted tube cages (45º head-up position) for two weeks to induce chronic gravitational load to their leg veins. Ten animals housed in normal cages and four animals kept in horizontally positioned tube cages served as controls. The whole superficial network of the left saphenous vein was microprepared surgically under anesthesia, superfused with saline and observed under a videomicroscope, while normal flow and pressure were maintained in the lumen. Branching angles, lengths of venous segments and their diameters were measured offline from digitized images using special image-analyzing software. Several branching angles at the popliteal confluence were significantly reduced by 12.5-15.8 %. The in vivo diameter of the main branch (936±34 vs. 805±44 µm) and of one of the popliteal tributaries (776±38 vs. 635±36 µm) increased (p<0.05), comparing vessels from tilted animals with those from normal controls. Maintaining the animals in horizontal tube cages did not induce the above alterations. The increased diameters and reduced branching angles of the saphenous vein network observed are adaptive responses of the venous network to a long-term gravitational load., M. Lóránt, G. L. Nádasy, G. Raffai, E. Monos., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Coronary and carotid artery structure was studied in rats in order to analyze the processes in the cardiovascular system in NO-deficient hypertension model. Long-term inhibition of NO synthase was induced by L-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg/day p.o.) for a period of 8 weeks. An increase in blood pressure and heart/body weight ratio confirmed the reliability of the model. The wall thickness as well as the calculated wall area of the coronary artery increased by 70 % and 50 %, respectively, in comparison to control vessels. The wall thickness and the calculated wall area of the carotid artery increased by 73 % and 70 %, respectively. Further analysis indicated that both the tunica intima and tunica media in the coronary and the carotid artery increased quantitatively in a similar manner. Remarkable differences were found in the contribution of cellular and noncellular components in the tunica media of the coronary and carotid arteries of experimental animals. The calculated extracellular area increased by 116 % in comparison to the control coronary artery and by 97 % in comparison to the control carotid artery. The increase in extracellular matrix of the tunica media of coronary and carotid arteries seems to be basic cause of the remodelling of the vessels studied.
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP)-induced protection of myocardial energetics was well documented on the level of tissue, but data concerning the involvement of mitochondria were missing. We aimed at the identification of changes in membrane properties and respiratory functions induced in rat heart mitochondria by RIP. Experiments were performed on 46 male Wistar rats divided into control and RIP-treated groups of 21 animals each. Blood flow in the occluded area was recorded by MRI angiography in four animals. RIP protocol comprised of three successive 5-min occlusions each followed by 5-min reperfusions of descending branches of the right hind limb femoral artery. The efficacy of RIP was evaluated as the extent of RIP-induced protection against damage to the functions of mitochondria isolated by differential centrifugation after 30-min global ischemia followed by 40-min reperfusion of the hearts in Langendorff mode. Assessments: mitochondrial membrane fluidity with a fluorescent probe DPH, CoQ9 and CoQ10 with HPLC, mitochondrial respiration with the Oxygraph-2k (Oroboros). Results revealed that RIP was affecting the mitochondria. The immediate protection conferred by RIP involves beneficial and prognostically significant effects: a total elimination of ischemia/reperfusion-induced depression of mitochondrial membrane fluidity and a trend for better preservation of mitochondrial state 3 respiration., M. Ferko, I. Kancirová, M. Jašová, S. Čarnická, M. Muráriková, I. Waczulíková, Z. Sumbalová, J. Kucharská, O. uličná, T. Ravingerová, A. Ziegelhöffer., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a novel strategy of protection against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the heart (and/or other organs) by brief episodes of non-lethal IR in a distant organ/tissue. Importantly, RIPC can be induced noninvasively by limitation of blood flow in the extremity implying the applicability of this method in clinical situations. RIPC (and its delayed phase) is a form of relatively short-term adaptation to ischemia, similar to ischemic PC, and likely they both share triggering mechanisms, whereas mediators and end-effectors may differ. It is hypothesized that communication between the signals triggered in the remote organs and protection in the target organ may be mediated through substances released from the preconditioned organ and transported via the circulation (humoral pathways), by neural pathways and/or via systemic anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic response to short ischemic bouts. Identification of molecules involved in RIPC cascades may have therapeutic and diagnostic implications in the management of myocardial ischemia. Elucidation of the mechanisms of endogenous cardioprotection triggered in the remote organ could lead to the development of diverse pharmacological RIPC mimetics. In the present article, the authors provide a short overview of RIPC-induced protection, proposed underlying mechanisms and factors modulating RIPC as a promising cardioprotective strategy., T. Ravingerova, V. Farkasova, L. Griecsova, S. Carnicka, M. Murarikova, E. Barlaka, F. Kolar, M. Bartekova, L. Lonek, J. Slezak, A. Lazou., and Obsahuje bibliografii
With help of suitable anisotropic Minkowski’s contents and Hausdorff measures some results are obtained concerning removability of singularities for solutions of partial differential equations with anisotropic growth in the vicinity of the singular set.
We develop a theory of removable singularities for the weighted Bergman space ${\mathcal A}^p_\mu (\Omega )=\lbrace f \text{analytic} \text{in} \Omega \: \int _\Omega |f|^p \mathrm{d}\mu < \infty \rbrace $, where $\mu $ is a Radon measure on $\mathbb{C}$. The set $A$ is weakly removable for ${\mathcal A}^p_\mu (\Omega \setminus A)$ if ${\mathcal A}^p_\mu (\Omega \setminus A) \subset \text{Hol}(\Omega )$, and strongly removable for ${\mathcal A}^p_\mu (\Omega \setminus A)$ if ${\mathcal A}^p_\mu (\Omega \setminus A) = {\mathcal A}^p_\mu (\Omega )$. The general theory developed is in many ways similar to the theory of removable singularities for Hardy $H^p$ spaces, $\mathop {\mathrm BMO}$ and locally Lipschitz spaces of analytic functions, including the existence of counterexamples to many plausible properties, e.g. the union of two compact removable singularities needs not be removable. In the case when weak and strong removability are the same for all sets, in particular if $\mu $ is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure $m$, we are able to say more than in the general case. In this case we obtain a Dolzhenko type result saying that a countable union of compact removable singularities is removable. When $\mathrm{d}\mu = w\mathrm{d}m$ and $w$ is a Muckenhoupt $A_p$ weight, $1<p<\infty $, the removable singularities are characterized as the null sets of the weighted Sobolev space capacity with respect to the dual exponent $p^{\prime }=p/(p-1)$ and the dual weight $w^{\prime }=w^{1/(1-p)}$.
Copper flotation waste which is the product pyrometalurgical production of copper from copper ores contains materials such as iron, alumina, calcium oxide, silica, etc. Copper flotation waste generally contains a significant amount of Cu together with trace elements of other toxic metals such as Zn, Co and Pb. A variety of techniques can be used for decontaminating and remediating copper slag. Environmental reme diation technologies include in situ or ex situ techniques for decontaminating the polluted fields, such as soil-washing, physical separation, phytoremediation and leaching. The aim of the present study is to investigate the removal of the copper from copper flotation waste leachant using sepiolite. 2 3 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of three factors which are contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH at two levels., Semra Çoruh, Feza Geyikçi and Ufuk Çoruh., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
A predator removal study was done in Finland to reveal the possible effects of mammalian predators on the breeding success of ducks. Predator removal/protection from hunting was most effective in northern Finland. Also in eastern Finland predator removal had some influence on predator numbers, whereas its impact on predator numbers was not so evident in southern Finland. In southern Finland, no increase in the breeding success of ducks was observed in the predator removal area, whereas in northern Finland the relative reproduction rate of diving ducks increased in the removal area and that of dabbling ducks declined in the control area. In eastern Finland, the breeding success of ducks declined in both areas. There was a positive relationship between the raccoon dog index and the relative reproduction rate of dabbling ducks in southern Finland, indicating that raccoon dog numbers probably are of minor importance for the breeding success of ducks. On the contrary, there was a negative relationship between the fox and marten indices and the breeding success of ducks in some areas. Marten and fox removal may thus have a positive effect on the breeding success of ducks in Finland. The effect of the American mink could not be verified in this study.