Accurate estimates of infiltration and groundwater recharge are critical for many hydrologic, agricultural and environmental applications. Anticipated climate change in many regions of the world, especially in tropical areas, is expected to increase the frequency of high-intensity, short-duration precipitation events, which in turn will affect the groundwater recharge rate. Estimates of recharge are often obtained using monthly or even annually averaged meteorological time series data. In this study we employed the HYDRUS-1D software package to assess the sensitivity of groundwater recharge calculations to using meteorological time series of different temporal resolutions (i.e., hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly averaged precipitation and potential evaporation rates). Calculations were applied to three sites in Brazil having different climatological conditions: a tropical savanna (the Cerrado), a humid subtropical area (the temperate southern part of Brazil), and a very wet tropical area (Amazonia). To simplify our current analysis, we did not consider any land use effects by ignoring root water uptake. Temporal averaging of meteorological data was found to lead to significant bias in predictions of groundwater recharge, with much greater estimated recharge rates in case of very uneven temporal rainfall distributions during the year involving distinct wet and dry seasons. For example, at the Cerrado site, using daily averaged data produced recharge rates of up to 9 times greater than using yearly averaged data. In all cases, an increase in the time of averaging of meteorological data led to lower estimates of groundwater recharge, especially at sites having coarse-textured soils. Our results show that temporal averaging limits the ability of simulations to predict deep penetration of moisture in response to precipitation, so that water remains in the upper part of the vadose zone subject to upward flow and evaporation.
This paper reports the results of experimental investigations of flow-induced loading on perforated and solid flat plates at zero incidence with respect to the incoming flow. The plates had a streamwise length to transverse thickness ratio of 23.5. The effect of the perforations was investigated for three different perforation diameters. The results corresponding to the perforated plates were compared with the reference case of the solid plate (no perforations) at five inflow velocities. We quantified the effect of the perforations on the unsteady fluid loading on the plate in terms of the variations of the corresponding Strouhal number, the mean drag coefficient and the fluctuating lift coefficient as functions of the Reynolds number and the perforation diameter. The results indicate that the loading was dominated by the dynamics of the wake. In particular, increasing the perforation diameter resulted in a wider wake, corresponding to the increase in mean drag coefficient and the decrease in the Strouhal number. Onset of coupling between the vortex shedding and the transverse oscillations of the plate was manifested as a rapid increase in the fluctuating lift coefficient, as the perforation diameter exceeds the plate thickness.
This paper shows that there is a quantum-physical and evolution-biological perspective for (libertarian) free will, and that the so-called scientific arguments against it are in reality metaphysical arguments and insufficient. The paper also develops the idea of a nonphysical organ of higher organisms: the Domindar (Detector of macroscopic indetermination, and restrictor)., Tento článek ukazuje, že existuje kvantově-fyzikální a evolučně-biologická perspektiva pro (libertariánskou) svobodnou vůli a že tzv. Vědecké argumenty proti ní jsou ve skutečnosti metafyzické argumenty a nedostatečné. Příspěvek také rozvíjí myšlenku nefyzického orgánu vyšších organismů: Domindara (detektor makroskopické neurčitosti a omezovače)., and Uwe Meixner
The paper deals with semantic content of elliptic sentences and its relation to semantic content of the corresponding non-elliptic sentences. On the basis of certain kinds of examples it is shown that syntactic theories of ellipsis have serious limits. It is also demonstrated that the so-called Property Theory, which is an example of a semantic theory of ellipsis, bears serious limitations. Another semantic theory, namely that of Minimal Indexicalism, is analyzed thereafter. Theoretical tools of the theory - in particular, its criteria of linguistic expressions identity and three layers of content - that are vital to its handling of ellipsis are discussed in some detail. Finally, a new theory of ellipsis based on Transparent Intensional Logic is proposed and argued for., Příspěvek se zabývá sémantickým obsahem eliptických vět a jeho vztahem k sémantickému obsahu odpovídajících eliptických vět. Na základě určitých druhů příkladů se ukazuje, že syntaktické teorie elips mají vážné limity. Je také prokázáno, že takzvaná teorie vlastností, která je příkladem sémantické teorie elips, nese vážné omezení. Následně je analyzována další sémantická teorie, a to teorie minimálního indexismu. Teoretické nástroje teorie - zejména její kritéria identity jazykových výrazů a tří vrstev obsahu - které jsou nezbytné pro její zvládnutí elipsy, jsou podrobně diskutovány. Nakonec je navržena a argumentována nová teorie elipsy založená na transparentní intenzivní logice., and Miloš Kosterec
Cieľ: Cieľom štúdie bolo identifikovať úroveň emočnej inteligencie (EI) u sestier a zistiť rozdiely v úrovni EI vzhľadom na vek, dĺžku praxe a vzdelanie sestier. Metodika: Výskumný súbor tvorili sestry (n = 280) poskytujúce starostlivosť pacientom štyroch nemocníc Trnavského kraja. Priemerný vek sestier bol 39,64 (SD = 9,44), dĺžka ich profesijnej praxe bola 18,7 (SD = 10,64). Na meranie úrovne EI boli použité dotazníky, ktoré reprezentujú súčasné prístupy chápania EI. Dotazník SITEMO (Situational Test of Emotional Understanding), zisťuje úroveň EI ako schopnosti, výsledkom je celkové skóre EI, ktoré je dané súčtom správnych odpovedí. Dotazník SEIS (Schutte EI Scale) zisťuje úroveň EI sestier ako črty. Sestry vyjadrovali mieru súhlasu resp. nesúhlasu prostredníctvom 5bodovej Likertovej škály. Pri spracovaní dát boli využité metódy deskriptívnej štatistiky a induktívnej štatistiky. Údaje boli spracované v štatistickom softvéri SPSS 15.0. Výsledky: Zistili sme štatisticky významný rozdiel (p < 0,05) v úrovni EI sestier vzhľadom k ich veku. Pri ostatných sociodemografických znakoch (dĺžka profesijnej praxe, vzdelanie) nebol zaznamenaný štatisticky významný rozdiel (p > 0,05). Sestry s Mgr. stupňom vzdelania dosiahli najlepší výsledok v priemernom poradí mier EI v oboch metodikách. Záver: Zistené výsledky umožňujú upriamiť pozornosť na rozvoj EI u sestier prostredníctvom možností vzdelávacích inštitúcií. Môžeme podporovať zmeny, ktoré budú prispievať ku zvýšenej kvalite poskytovanej ošetrovateľskej starostlivosti. Využívanie EI je nutnou a zároveň modernou požiadavkou ošetrovateľstva., Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the level of emotional intelligence (EI) of nurses and to identify differences in the level of EI in relation to their age, length of work experience and education. Methods: The sample consisted of nurses (n = 280) providing care to patients in four hospitals in the Trnava Region. The mean age of the nurses was 39.64 years (SD = 9.44) and the length of their work experience was 18.7 years (SD = 10.64). The level of EI was measured using questionnaires representing current approaches to understanding of EI. Emotional intelligence as an ability was determined by the Situational Test of Emotional Understanding (SIT-EMO) questionnaire, yielding the overall emotional intelligence score given by the sum of the correct answers. EI as a feature, on the other hand, was assessed by the Schutte EI Scale (SEIS) in which the nurses expressed the extent to which they agree or disagree with each statement on a five-point Likert scale. To analyze the data, methods of descriptive statistics and inductive statistics were used. The data were processed using the SPSS 15.0 statistical software. Results: A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the level of nurses’ EI level and their age. In terms of other social demographic data (length of work experience, education), a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was not found, although the nurses with a master’s degree ranked highest as for their mean level of EI, using both methods. Conclusion: The results enable to focus attention on the development of nurses’ EI through educational institutions. Changes may be encouraged that will contribute to an increase in the quality of nursing care provided. The use of EI is a necessary as well as modern requirement in nursing., Ingrid Juhásová, Ľubica Ilievová, František Baumgartner, and Literatura
ABSTRAKT Cieľ: Zámerom štúdie bolo identifikovať štatisticky významné rozdiely v úrovni emočnej inteligencii (EI) u študentov ošetrovateľstva vzhľadom k demografi ckým údajom (vek, dĺžka štúdia) a zároveň zistiť či úroveň EI študentov ošetrovateľstva ovplyvňuje ich záujem o problematiku geriatrického ošetrovateľstva. Metódy: Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 86 univerzitných študentov denného bakalárskeho štúdia odboru ošetrovateľstvo. Na meranie úrovne EI boli využité dotazníky reprezentujúce rôzne chápania EI. Prostredníctvom SIT-EMO (Situational Test of Emotional Understanding) bola zisťovaná EI ako schopnosť. EI ako črta bola zisťovaná dotazníkom SEIS(Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale). Dotazníkom vlastnej konštrukcie ESE-GP (Emotional self-effi cacygeriatric patient) bola zisťovaná úroveň EI študentov v procese starostlivosti o geriatrických pacientov. Výsledky: Nezistili sme štatisticky významné rozdiely v úrovni EI študentov z hľadiska demografi ckých údajov (vek a ročník štúdia). Medzi úrovňou EI (SEIS)a perspektívnym záujmom študentov venovať sa geriatrickému ošetrovateľstvu bola zistená štatisticky významná súvislosť (p < 0,05). Závery: Zistené výsledky môžu uplatniť najmä inštitúcie poskytujúce ošetrovateľské vzdelávanie, ktorým odporúčame zamerať pozornosť na rozvoj EI v procese vzdelávania študentov ošetrovateľstva., Aim: The aim of the study was to identify statistically significant differences in levels of emotional intelligence (EI) of nursing students in relation with demographic data (age and year of study) and also determine whether the EI level of nursing students affects their interest in the issue of geriatric nursing. Methods: The sample consisted of 86 full-time undergraduate university students of nursing. To measure the level of EI, questionnaires representing diff erent understanding of EI were used. EI as an ability was determined by the SIT-EMO (Situational Test of Emotional Understanding). EI as a trait was evaluated by the questionnaire SEIS (Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale). The questionnaire of own construction ESE-GP (Emotional self-effi cacygeriatric patient) assessed the level of EI of students in the process of caring for geriatric patients. Results: There were no statistically signifi cant diff erences in the students’ level of EI in terms of demographic data (age and year of study). A statistically signifi cant association (p < 0.05) was found between the students’ level of EI (SEIS) and their promising interest to pursue geriatric nursing. Conclusion: The results can be applied in particular institutions providing nursing education, which can focus attention on the development of EI in the process of education of nursing students., Ingrid Juhásová, Ľubica Ilievová, František Baumgartner, Zuzana Rojková, and Literatura
Recently, emotion has attracted much attention in many areas of philosophy. In the philosophy of mind, some argue that emotions are individuated and identified with reference to feelings, beliefs, desires, or perceptions. Furthermore, they are often claimed to be changeable, unstable, and ambivalent. However, despite their instability, emotions are sometimes long-standing. They have, in addition, perspective. These characteristics of the emotions, I argue, help us in solving one of philosophy’s most enduring problems, that is, the problem of personal identity. In order to il ustrate this claim I elaborate on the conception of ‘experiential memory’ suggested by Wollheim. To understand memory as experiential, I argue, we need to understand the affective element attached to some memories. I argue that memory affects not only my past thought but also my past emotions, and those emotions deriving from the past stay on to affect my whole being and my future. Hence, I argue that experiential memory is not just confined to the recal ing of events or experiences that the subject has experienced, but concerns the narrative structure of a person’s life as a whole., V poslední době emoce přitahovala mnoho pozornosti v mnoha oblastech filozofie. Ve filozofii mysli, někteří argumentují, že emoce jsou individualizované a identifikované s odkazem na pocity, víry, touhy nebo vnímání. Navíc se často tvrdí, že jsou proměnlivé, nestabilní a ambivalentní. I přes jejich nestabilitu jsou však emoce někdy dlouhodobé. Mají navíc perspektivu. Tyto vlastnosti emocí nám pomáhají při řešení jednoho z nejtrvalejších problémů filozofie, tj. Problému osobní identity. Abych toto tvrzení využil, rozebírám koncepci „zážitkové paměti“, kterou navrhl Wollheim. Abych pochopil paměť jako zkušenost, musíme pochopit, že afektivní prvek spojený s některými vzpomínkami. Domnívám se, že paměť nemá vliv pouze na mé minulé myšlenky, ale také na mé minulé emoce, a ty emoce, které pocházejí z minulosti, ovlivňují celou mou bytost a mou budoucnost. Proto argumentuji, že zkušenostní paměť není omezena pouze na připomenutí událostí nebo zážitků, které subjekt zažil, ale týká se narativní struktury života člověka jako celku., and Sunny Yang
In explaining emotion, there are strong cognitive views, which reduce emotion to belief/thought or judgment. Misgivings about assimilating emotion to belief/thought/judgment have been a main reason for moving towards perceptual accounts for many authors. My aim in this paper is to defend a perceptual theory. To this end, I first argue against a crude version of cognitivism that views emotion essentially in terms of thought or belief. I then argue that doubts about the assimilation of emotion to belief explain the appeal of ‘perception’ as the ‘cognitive element’ most appropriate to the analysis of emotion. Then I shall discuss why perception is the right category to fit emotional responses into by contrasting some considerations adduced by Sabine Döring and by Jesse Prinz. I shall show that Prinz ignores the perspective aspect of perception, while Döring fails to explain the indiscriminability in perceptual experience. For these reasons, both Prinz’s and Döring’s views are insufficient to explain emotional recalcitrance or unmerited emotional response. To explain emotional recalcitrance, I argue that we must appeal to a disjunctivist theory of visual experience. I shall demonstrate why we should prefer the explanation in terms of indiscriminability over one which appeals to a common element, such as a thought or representation of something as dangerous, for example. The present critical examination will afford an alternative view of the appropriateness of emotions., In explaining emotion, there are strong cognitive views, which reduce emotion to belief/thought or judgment. Misgivings about assimilating emotion to belief/thought/judgment have been a main reason for moving towards perceptual accounts for many authors. My aim in this paper is to defend a perceptual theory. To this end, I first argue against a crude version of cognitivism that views emotion essentially in terms of thought or belief. I then argue that doubts about the assimilation of emotion to belief explain the appeal of ‘perception’ as the ‘cognitive element’ most appropriate to the analysis of emotion. Then I shall discuss why perception is the right category to fit emotional responses into by contrasting some considerations adduced by Sabine Döring and by Jesse Prinz. I shall show that Prinz ignores the perspective aspect of perception, while Döring fails to explain the indiscriminability in perceptual experience. For these reasons, both Prinz’s and Döring’s views are insufficient to explain emotional recalcitrance or unmerited emotional response. To explain emotional recalcitrance, I argue that we must appeal to a disjunctivist theory of visual experience. I shall demonstrate why we should prefer the explanation in terms of indiscriminability over one which appeals to a common element, such as a thought or representation of something as dangerous, for example. The present critical examination will afford an alternative view of the appropriateness of emotions., and Sunny Yang