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254. Abstract and concrete individuals and projection

Creator:
Raclavský, Jiří
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
iIndividuals, particulars, reidentification, Polish logician, and Ship of Theseus
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Two kinds of individuals are distinguished: abstract and concrete. Whereas abstract individuals belong to our conceptual sphere, concrete individuals (i.e. particulars) individuate the world of matter. A subject investigating the external world projects abstract individuals onto concrete ones. The proposal offers a solution to various metaphysical and epistemological puzzles concerning individuals, e.g., the Ship of Theseus, the Polish Logician, problems with reidentification, or proper names. and Jiří Raclavský
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

255. Abstrakcia a idealizácia ako metódy spoločensko-humanitných disciplín

Creator:
Halas, Juraj
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
abstraction, analytical methods, concept formation, conceptual methods, and idealization
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The methods of abstraction and idealization are commonly viewed as basic to both the natural and the social sciences. Since the 1970s, they have also been a focus of attention in the philosophy and methodology of science. However, their nature as methods, i.e., sequences of instructions, has not been adequately explicated. The paper attempts to capture the core of these methods in the sense of simplified sequences of instructions. The proposal is illustrated in a reconstruction of the application of both methods in economics as a representative of the social sciences., Metody abstrakce a idealizace jsou běžně považovány za základní pro přírodní i společenské vědy. Od sedmdesátých let se pozornost věnuje také filozofii a metodologii vědy. Jejich povaha jako metody, tj. Sekvence instrukcí, nebyla dostatečně vysvětlena. Příspěvek se pokouší zachytit jádro těchto metod ve smyslu zjednodušených sekvencí instrukcí. Návrh je ilustrován rekonstrukcí aplikace obou metod v ekonomii jako zástupce společenských věd., and Juraj Halas
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

256. Accuracy of radar-estimated precipitation in a mountain catchment in Slovakia

Creator:
Sleziak, Patrik, Jančo, Martin, Danko, Michal, Méri, Ladislav, and Holko, Ladislav
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
radar-estimated precipitation, precipitation estimates, daily precipitation, and synoptic weather situations
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Accurate estimation of precipitation in mountain catchments is challenging due to its high spatial variability and lack of measured ground data. Weather radar can help to provide precipitation estimates in such conditions. This study investigates the differences between measured and radar-estimated daily precipitation in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek (area 22 km2, 6 rain gauges at altitudes 815–1900 m a.s.l.) in years 2017–2020. Despite good correlations between measured and radar-based precipitation at individual sites (correlation coefficients 0.68–0.90), the radar-estimated precipitation was mostly substantially smaller than measured precipitation. The underestimation was smaller at lower altitude (on average by –4% to –17% at 815 m a.s.l.) than at higher altitudes (–35% to –59% at 1400–1900 m a.s.l.). Unlike measured data, the radar-estimated precipitation did not show the differences in precipitation amounts at lower and higher altitudes (altitudinal differences). The differences between the measured and radar-estimated precipitation were not related to synoptic weather situations. The obtained results can be useful in preparation of more accurate precipitation estimates for the small mountain catchments.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

258. Action models and their induction

Creator:
Čertický, Michal
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
action model, artificial intelligence, learning, planning, akční model, umělá inteligence, učení, and plánování
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Abstract: By action model, we understand any logic-based representation of effects and executability preconditions of individual actions within a certain domain. In the context of artificial intelligence, such models are necessary for planning and goal-oriented automated behaviour. Currently, action models are commonly hand-written by domain experts in advance. However, since this process is often difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone, it makes sense to let agents learn the effects and conditions of actions from their own observations. Even though the research in the area of action learning, as a certain kind of inductive reasoning, is relatively young, there already exist several distinctive action learning methods. We will try to identify the collection of the most important properties of these methods, or challenges that they are trying to overcome, and briefly outline their impact on practical applications., Abstrakt: Podle akčního modelu chápeme logickou reprezentaci efektů a předpokladů vykonatelnosti jednotlivých akcí v rámci určité domény. V kontextu umělé inteligence jsou tyto modely nezbytné pro plánování a cílené automatizované chování. V současné době jsou akční modely běžně ručně psány odborníky domény předem. Vzhledem k tomu, že tento proces je často obtížný, časově náročný a náchylný k chybám, má smysl nechat agenty seznámit se s účinky a podmínkami akcí z vlastních pozorování. I když je výzkum v oblasti akčního učení, jako určitý druh indukčního uvažování, relativně mladý, existuje již několik výrazných metod učení. Pokusíme se identifikovat sbírku nejdůležitějších vlastností těchto metod., and Michal Čertický
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

259. Active doings and the principle of the causal closure of the physical world

Creator:
Beckermann, Ansgar
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
active doings, agent causation, causal closure of the physical world, free will, Martine Nida-Rümelin, subject causation, aktivní práce, příčinná souvislost, kauzální uzavření fyzického světa, and svobodná vůle
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Some philosophers hold that it would be impossible for us to do something actively if the physical world were causally closed, i.e., if in the physical world all events were caused by other physical events if they are caused at all. The reason for this view is that these philosophers adhere to what I call the traditional picture of action. Recently, Martine Nida-Rümelin tried to defend this picture by phenomenological considerations. According to the traditional picture a behavior can only count as something an agent does actively if it is ultimately caused by the agent in an agent-causal way. In this paper I adduce three arguments against agent causation: (1) We do not really understand what agent causation is. (2) If agent causation were real, we would be confronted with the strange fact that human agents can only cause certain tiny events in the brain. (3) There is no empirical evidence that agent causation is real. In the last part of my paper I present an alternative account of the difference between what agents do actively and what is done to them., Někteří filosofové se domnívají, že by bylo pro nás nemožné něco aktivně činit, kdyby byl fyzický svět kauzálně uzavřen, tj. Kdyby byly všechny události způsobeny jinými fyzickými událostmi, kdyby byly ve fyzickém světě způsobeny vůbec. Důvodem tohoto názoru je, že tito filozofové dodržují to, čemu říkám tradiční obraz jednání. Nedávno se Martine Nida-Rümelin pokusila tento obraz obhájit fenomenologickými úvahami. Podle tradičního obrazu se chování může počítat pouze jako něco, co agent dělá aktivně, pokud je nakonec způsobeno agentem v kauzálním způsobu. V tomto příspěvku uvádím tři argumenty proti příčinám agenta: (1) Opravdu nechápeme, co je to příčina agenta. (2) Pokud byla příčinná souvislost agenta skutečná, byli bychom konfrontováni s podivnou skutečností, že lidští agenti mohou v mozku způsobit jen určité drobné události. (3) Neexistují žádné empirické důkazy, že příčinná souvislost agentů je skutečná. V poslední části mé práce uvádím alternativní popis rozdílu mezi tím, co agenti aktivně dělají a co se s nimi děje., and Ansgar Beckermann
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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