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7002. The ontological importance of being a perceptual attitude
- Creator:
- Sanhueza Rodríguez, Sebastián
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- nonfactivity, perceptual attitudes, processes, relationalism, representationalism, and states
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Current philosophical debates about perception have largely ignored questions concerning the ontological structure of perceptual experience, so as to focus on its intentional and phenomenological character. To illustrate and put pressure on this tendency, I revisit the controversy between doxastic views of perception and Gareth Evans’s objection from over-intellectualization. I suggest that classic versions of the doxastic view are to a good extent driven by an ontological characterization of perceptual attitudes as nonfactive states or dispositions, not by a cognitively complex picture of perceptual content. Conceived along these lines, the doxastic view unveils an ontologically significant story of perceptual experience for at least two reasons: on the one hand, that characterization avoids the line of reasoning leading up to sense-datum theories of perception; and, on the other, it bears on recent discussions about the temporal structure of perceptual experience. Although I do not endorse the doxastic view, my goal is to highlight the importance of the relatively neglected ontological motivations thus driving that kind of account.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7003. The personite problem and the stage-theoretic reply
- Creator:
- Noonan, Harold
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- personites, perdurance, stage-theory, moral status, and Johnston
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Personites are shorter-lived, person-like things that extend across part of a person’s life. Their existence follows from the standard perdurance view of persons. Johnston argues that it has bizarre moral consequences. For example, it renders morally problematic spending time learning a difficult language in anticipation of going abroad. The crucial thought is that if persons have moral status so do personites. Johnston argues for this claim. Kaiserman responds, on behalf of stage theory, that this only works on a perdurantist account. This is a conservative response to the problem. It seeks to show that retaining the ontology of perdurantism one can resolve the difficulty by a semantic change. I show that the personite problem can be reworked as an argument against stage theorists. The stage theorist can respond by rejecting an assumption of the reasoning. But if it is acceptable for him to do so the perdurantist can reject this assumption too, which is enough by itself to block Johnston’s argument. Thus, for all it helps with the personite problem, stage theorists might as well be perdurantists.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
7004. The practical authority of normative beliefs: toward an integrated theory of practical rationality
- Creator:
- Audi, Robert
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- coherence, Enkrasia, grounds, intention,, instrumentalism, integration, judgment, practical reasoning, rationality, reasons, weakness of will, and well-groundedness
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- People who do not act on their judgments regarding what they ought to do-their practical judgments-are often considered weak-willed, especially when the judgment is made at a time when the act it favors is plainly possible. Is this a kind of practical irrationality, perhaps due to an incoherence between practical reason, which should guide intention and action, and behavior that fails to conform to a guiding directive? More generally, do normative beliefs with the same kind of self-directive content as practical judgments possess the same sort of rational authority, if indeed they must have any such authority? At least since Aristotle, weak-willed action has often been considered irrational. This paper indicates why that view is plausible, but also why it is too strong. The paper shows how the practical authority of normative judgments can be overridden and why, on the theory of rational action suggested by analysis of such cases, certain initially plausible action-guiding principles are too strong. The concluding part of the paper briefly indicates how that theory can do justice to the analogy between practical and theoretical reason and to the essential connection between the two., Lidé, kteří nečiní podle svých úsudků ohledně toho, co mají dělat - jejich praktických úsudků - jsou často považováni za slabé, zejména když je rozsudek učiněn v době, kdy je čin, který upřednostňuje, jasně možný. Je to taková praktická iracionalita, možná kvůli nesouladu mezi praktickým důvodem, který by měl vést záměr a jednání, a chování, které neodpovídá hlavní směrnici? Obecněji řečeno, mají normativní přesvědčení se stejným druhem sebeobsahu, jako jsou praktická rozhodnutí, stejný druh racionální autority, pokud skutečně musí mít takovou autoritu? Přinejmenším protože Aristotle, slabě-chtěl akce často byl považován za iracionální. Tento článek ukazuje, proč je tento pohled věrohodný, ale také proč je příliš silný. Příspěvek ukazuje, jak může být praktická autorita normativních úsudků potlačena a proč na teorii racionálních kroků navrhovaných analýzou takových případů jsou některé z původně věrohodných principů, které vedou k akci, příliš silné. Závěrečná část práce stručně naznačuje, jak tato teorie může spravedlivě odpovídat analogii mezi praktickým a teoretickým důvodem a podstatným spojením mezi nimi., and Robert Audi
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7005. The principle of causal completeness: reply to Daniel von Wachter
- Creator:
- Esfeld, Michael
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Michael Esfeld
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7006. The principle of the causal openness of the physical
- Creator:
- Wachter von, Daniel
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- causal closure, determinism, free will, miracles, příčinné uzavření, determinismus, svobodná vůle, and zázraky
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The argument from causal closure for physicalism requires the principle that a physical event can only occur through being necessitated by antecedent physical events. This article proposes a view of the causal structure of the world that claims not only that an event need not be necessitated by antecedent events, but that an event cannot be necessitated by antecedent events. All events are open to counteraction. In order to spell out various kinds of counteraction I introduce the idea of ''directedness.'', Argument z kauzálního uzavření pro fyzikismus vyžaduje princip, že fyzická událost může nastat pouze díky tomu, že je nutná předchozí fyzická událost. Tento článek navrhuje pohled na kauzální strukturu světa, která tvrdí, že událost nemusí být nutná předcházejícími událostmi, ale že událost nemůže být nutná předcházejícími událostmi. Všechny akce jsou otevřeny proti. Abych vysvětlila různé druhy kontrakce, představuji myšlenku ,,režie''., and Daniel von Wachter
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7007. The problem of intention and the evaluative properties of effects in the Knobe effect
- Creator:
- Waleszczyński, Andrzej, Obidziński, Michał, and Rejewska, Julia
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- side-effect effect, Knobe effect, intention, intentionality, and evaluative properties
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In the article, we present analyses and findings which add precision to the role of intentions and the relation between effects in attributing the intentionality of causing a side effect. Our research supplements and modifies numerous findings regarding the appearance of the so-called Knobe effect. The experiments and analyses show that the very originality of the story used by Knobe and the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and the side effect results in an asymmetry of responses and contributes to the occurrence of the side-effect effect. Because of this, we reject the thesis that the mode of attitude of the agent to the caused side effect or that the social expectation of this attitude determine the attribution of the intentionality of the caused effect. On the contrary, we defend the thesis that it is the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and those of the side effect, as well as the impact of a side effect on the main effect, that significantly influence the attribution of intentionality in causing a side effect.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
7008. The reception of Stanisław Leśniewski’s ontology in Arthur Prior’s logic
- Creator:
- Rybaříková, Zuzana
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- A.N. Prior, Leśniewski’s names, Leśniewski’s Ontology, and Stanisław Leśniewski
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Arthur Prior’s logic was influenced, among others, by logicians from the Lvov-Warsaw school. This paper introduces the impact Leśniewski’s Ontology had on Prior’s logical system. The paper describes the main characteristics of Leśniewski’s Ontology, Prior’s logical system and the manner in which Prior became acquainted with Leśniewski’s logical system. Since Leśniewski was no longer alive when Prior began to develop his logical system and Leśniewski’s papers were not easily available to Prior, this paper also includes Prior’s interpretation of Leśniewski’s logical system which did not always correspond to Leśniewski’s original ideas., Logika Arthura Priora byla ovlivněna mimo jiné i logiky ze školy ve Lvově-Varšavě. Tento článek představuje dopad Leśniewského ontologie na logický systém Prior. Článek popisuje hlavní charakteristiky Leśniewského ontologie, logického systému Prior a způsob, jakým se Prior seznámil s Leśniewského logickým systémem. Vzhledem k tomu, že Leśniewski už nebyl naživu, když Prior začal rozvíjet svůj logický systém a Leśniewskiho dokumenty nebyly Prioritě snadno dostupné, tento dokument zahrnuje také Prorovu interpretaci Leśniewského logického systému, který ne vždy odpovídal Leśniewského původním myšlenkám., and Zuzana Rybaříková
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7009. The rejection of fatalism about the past
- Creator:
- Yehezkel, Gal
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fatalism, future, past, Richard Taylor, and symmetry
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper I defend the rejection of fatalism about the past by showing that there are possible circumstances in which it would be rational to attempt to bring about by our decisions and actions a necessary and sufficient condition, other things being equal, for something which we see as favorable to have occurred in the past. The examples I put forward are analogous to our attempts to bring about the occurrence of future events, and demonstrate the symmetry between the past and the future in this respect., V tomto příspěvku hájím odmítnutí fatalismu o minulosti tím, že dokazuji, že existují možné okolnosti, za kterých by bylo rozumné pokusit se o naše rozhodnutí a činy učinit nezbytnou a dostatečnou podmínkou, jiné věci jsou rovnocenné, za něco, co jsme v minulosti bylo příznivé. Příklady, které jsem předložil, jsou analogické s našimi pokusy o nastolení budoucích událostí a v tomto ohledu ukazují symetrii mezi minulostí a budoucností., and Gal Yehezkel
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
7010. The risk of the soil salinization of the eastern part of Žitný ostrov
- Creator:
- Kováčová, Viera and Velísková, Yvetta
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- salinization, alkalization, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), salinizácia, alkalizácia, celkové rozpustené látky (TDS), sodíkový adsorpčný pomer (SAR), elektrická vodivosť (EC), and výmenné sodíkové percento (ESP)
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Salinization is an increasing enviromental problem in ecosystems. The assessment of total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), alkalinity and the concentrations of main ions makes possible to identify salinization and alkalization degree. The saltaffected soils occur in the south part and south-east part of Žitný ostrov, where the dry and mild summer climate, evaporation soil water regime and mineralized groundwater create conditions for development of the saline and alkaline soils. Five localities with highly-mineralized groundwater were monitored to evaluate salinity and alkality in the period 1989-2006. At the bottom horizons in localities 1 - 5 evaporative residues (salt content) reached value 0.1 - 0.2 %. In 2006 dry evaporative residues (salt content) was higher than 0.2 %, EC was higher than 250 mS m-1 at the bottom horizons in localities 1, 2, 4. The mentioned data allow us to state that salinization and alkalization of soils is developing, it starts from the bottom of soil horizons through middle part of the soil profile up to the top horizons. This phenomenon was observed in all investigated soils in different stages of development. and Salinizácia v ekosystémoch je stále významnejší enviromentálny problém. Stanovenie celkového množstva rozpustených látok (TDS), elektrickej vodivosti (EC), sodíkového adsorpčného pomeru (SAR) a obsahu výmenného sodíka (ESP) umožňuje identifikáciu kritického potenciálu salinizácie a degradácie pôdy. Záujmové územie bolo vymedzené vo východnej časti Žitného ostrova, kde suché a horúce klimatické podmienky spolu s vysokomineralizovanými podzemnými vodami sú príčinou translokácie solí do pôdneho profilu. Bolo monitorovaných 5 lokalít v období 1989 - 2006. Namerané údaje poukazujú na vzrastajúci obsah solí, ktorý v r. 2006 dosiahol 0,1 - 0,2 % v celom pôdnom profile vo všetkých monitorovaných lokalitách, hodnoty EC 200 - 400 mS m-1 v spodných horizontoch vytvárajú podmienky pre rozvoj zasolených pôd.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public