Známý kritik politiky Spojených států, lingvista a filozof Noam Chomsky v této publikaci rozvíjí své již dříve vyslovované teze a argumenty. Recenzent považuje jeho snahu zastávat se politicky marginalizovaných subjektů za sympatickou a leckteré postřehy za výstižné, vyčítá mu však jednostranné protiamerické zaujetí a zjednodušování problémů. V českém prostředí, kde jsou média naladěna naopak zřetelně proamericky, nicméně pokládá tuto knihu za užitečnou. and In the volume under review, the Czech translation of Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (2003), Noam Chomsky, the well-known critic of US policy, a linguist, and philosopher, develops his earlier ideas and arguments. The reviewer considers Chomsky’s attempt to stand up for the politically marginalized to be an engaging one, and sees some of his observations as apposite. Nevertheless, the reviewer reproaches Chomsky for his one-sided anti-Americanism and oversimplification of the problems. All in all, however, the reviewer considers the work useful for Czechs, whose news media are clearly pro-American.
This article deals with naming practices among the Czechs who lived in the first half of 20th century in two Bulgarian villages - Vojvodovo and Belinci. It is based on fieldwork carried out among the people who migrated in 1950 from Bulgaria and settled in several towns and villages in South Moravia (region of Mikulov and Valtice), and their descendants. Naming practices of the Bulgarian Czechs are analyzed in relation to naming strategies of the Bulgarians in the given period, and it is argued that the role that was fulfilled by surnames among the Czechs was fulfilled by first names among the Bulgarians. Relationship between the naming strategies and ideas about kinship and gender are discussed further.
The Donation of Stará Boleslav chapter includes statement on duties of several Moravian, i.e. geographically distant subjects, which had to pay to the chapter ‘marchae’ and ‘boves’. The Latin word ‘boves’ (sg. ‘bos’) has been traditionally translated as ‘cattle’. However, this interpretation is not consistent with archeozoological data. It is argued, that ‘bos’was a literal translation of Czech word ‘skot’, which meant both (domestic) cattle and a kind of currency in the Middle Ages. Moravian subjects thus probably paid to the Stará Boleslav chapter taxes in money, not in cattle.
The Croatian society is still coping with traumatizing events (World War II and civil war) and memories of them. The politics of memory, articulated by Tudjman´s strategy of generational and memory reconciliation of the society in the early 1990s, led to the relativization and even promotion of the pro-fascist Ustashe regime, and simultaneously to the marginalization and stigmatization of narratives relating to the role of national liberation struggle within multi-ethnic partisan movement. This also included members of local Czech minority. The study shows how - despite this - the narratives concerning the partisan resistance are still alive in family memory, and they form, through generational transmission, a value alternative to the contemporary nationally-oriented state ideology as well as to the cultural presentation of Czech minority. Family memory works as an autonomous ”intimate space/area” of expatriates in Croatia, which is based on searching for a generational value continuities in the period of post-communist social uncertainties.
Studie je věnována Kosíkovu výkladu české radikální demokracie, jak jej podal na přelomu čtyřicátých a padesátých let minulého století. Autor předkládá tezi, podle níž byla jedním z cílů Kosíkových textů o tomto politickém hnutí konceptualizace levicového radikalismu. Úvodní část statě rekapituluje a hodnotí historiografické práce mapující vztah umění a politiky, respektive kulturní politiku v období takzvaného stalinismu (knihy Alexeje Kusáka a Jiřího Knapíka), a předkládá základní charakteristiku levicového radikalismu, chápaného jako životní postoj charakteristický pro relativně krátké období počátků totalitního režimu. V oblasti umění se tento utopický, normativně uzavřený koncept projevoval extrémně instrumentálním přístupem k uměleckému dílu, jehož primárním smyslem měla být spoluúčast na budování „nového“ světa. Karel Kosík je ve studii chápán jako čelný představitel generace mladých komunistů, jenž měl zásadní podíl na založení nového filozofického diskurzu a který formuloval nové výkladové paradigma dějin českého politického a filozofického myšlení 19. století. Druhá část studie shrnuje důvody, proč lze Kosíkovým textům o radikální demokracii přikládat v rámci soudobého diskurzu specifické postavení. Hlavním argumentem je skutečnost, že vedle názorů Zdeňka Nejedlého představovaly Kosíkovy texty (vyznačující se v některých případech výraznou ideologičností a spojováním odborného stylu s prvky politické žurnalistiky) nejvýraznější dobovou tematizaci „české otázky“. Kosíkův výklad radikální demokracie je představen v komparaci se staršími marxistickými výklady dějin 19. století (Jana Švermy, Záviše Kalandry, Václava Čejchana). V závěru textu je naznačen Kosíkův konstrukt „pokrokové“ linie českých dějin, který byl založen na představě „revolučnosti“, a jeho pojetí „české otázky“. and The article is concerned with the interpretation of Czech radical democracy as postulated by the Marxist philosopher Karel Kosík (1926–2003) in the late 1940s and early 1950s. It argues that one of the aims of Kosík’s writing about this political movement was to conceptualize leftwing radicalism. It begins with a recapitulation and assessment of historiographical work charting out the relationship between art and politics, particularly policy on culture and the arts in the period of Stalinism (referring to works by Alexej Kusák and Jiří Knapík), and presents the basic feature of leftwing radicalism, which is understood as an attitude characteristic of the relatively short period from the beginning of the totalitarian régime. In the sphere of art this utopian, normatively closed concept was manifested by an extremely utilitarian approach to a work of art, whose primary purpose was meant to be participation in building a “new” world. In this article Kosík is seen as a leading member of the generation of young Communists who had a substantial share in establishing a new philosophical discourse and formulated new criteria for interpreting the history of nineteenth-century Czech political and philosophical thought. The second part of the article summarizes the reasons Kosík’s writings about radical democracy should be given a special status in today’s discourse. The main argument is the fact that, apart from the opinions of Zdeněk Nejedlý, Kosík’s writings (marked in some cases by a strikingly ideological character and the mixing of academic style with elements of political journalism) presented the most sharply defined discussion of the “Czech Question” at the time. Kosík’s interpretation of radical democracy is presented in comparison with earlier Marxist interpretations of the history of the nineteenth century (by Jan Šverma, Záviš Kalandra, and Václav Čejchan). In the conclusion of the article Kosík’s construct is called the “progressive” line of Czech history, which was based on the idea of “revolutionary spirit” (revolučnost) and his understanding of the “Czech Question.”
Jan Blažek, a correspondent of the Czech Ethnological Society, wrote in 1982 a text that described representatives of selected socio-professional groups in the Czech countryside before World War I. He paid attention to beggars, vagrants, wanderers, and barrel organ players. Even though those people usually were on the margin of society, the author identifies peculiar features of each of the mentioned groups and he differentiates between them (he creates a particular characteristics for each of them). He deals with their social and material situation, majority ́s relationship to them (including possible stereotypes and expressions of solidarity), their life conditions (diet, accommodation, clothing etc.) and other features (way of earning livelihood, typical behaviour, or verbal expressions).
The study concerns provisional dwellings of poor village inhabitants, particularly a dwelling of a smallholder from Kostelec na Hané, which was continually inhabited for more than one hundred years. It was partly built under the road in the western part of the residential area. The entrance part of the basement that has for unknown reasons not been used for many years was modified. From the basement there is a system of tunnels under the town. Their use as a permanent dwelling was unique in central Moravia. The appearance of this house - its construction, space division, hearth, etc., is reconstructed in the study.
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Brožura „Clubhouse model“ pro osoby po poškození mozku popisuje a vysvětluje základní hodnoty pracovního komunitního centra „Clubhouse“ v Dánsku a jejich aplikaci v praxi, fungování centra Hoved Huset (cílová skupina, způsoby zapojení a podporování členů k návratu do smysluplného zaměstnání, aktivity probíhající v centru), výsledky a zkušenosti z pohledu členů i zaměstnavatelů na dánském pracovním
This paper surveys a new approach to interpretation of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - the resolute reading. The proponents of the resolute interpretation (especially Cora Diamond and James F. Conant) have argued that the central point of Tractatus is § 6.54. The reading of the section should be resolute, which means the sentences in Tractatus are simply nonsense (einfach Unsinn). Thus, the Tractatus’ aim is not a theory or doctrine of aspects of reality, language or their relation. On the other hand, the main point of the text should be elucidation of the reader’s points. The paper analyses two assumptions in the resolute reading and submits criticism of them. The basis of the criticism is to verify the validity of resolute reading’s assumptions by reference to Notebooks, Prototractatus, correspondence and some manuscripts and typescripts from the Tractatus period in Wittgenstein’s thinking., Příspěvek se zabývá novým přístupem k interpretaci Wittgensteinova Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - rozhodného čtení. Zastáncové rozhodného výkladu (obzvláště Cora diamant a James F. Conant) argumentovali, že centrální bod Tractatus je § 6.54. Čtení sekce by mělo být rozhodné , což znamená, že věty v Tractatus jsou prostě nesmysly ( einfach Unsinn ). Tak, Tractatus ' cíl není teorie nebo doktrína aspektů reality, jazyka nebo jejich vztahu. Na druhé straně by hlavní bod textu měl být objasněnčtenářských bodů. Příspěvek analyzuje dva předpoklady v rozhodném čtení a kritizuje je. Základem kritiky je ověřit platnost předpokladů rozhodného čtení odkazem na Notebooky, Prototractatus , korespondenci a některé rukopisy a strojopisy z období Tractatus v Wittgensteinově myšlení., and Tomáš Došek
Social work as an institutionalized profession aims to promote and defend human rights and social justice regardless of gender, sexual orientation and other grounds. Rooted in Christianity, it is partly performed by religious organizations and religious people. Consequently, conservative values may orient the profession, thus conflicting with the rights of lesbians and gays. The aim of the article is to present the risks of social worker’s oppressive action toward same--sex parents, and to suggest possibilities how to avoid such ethical misconduct. First, we present a dilemma of social work arising from the tension between ethical principles of equality and non -discrimination on the one hand and conservative norms on the other hand. Then, we introduce individual oppressive tendencies which are manifested in the discourse “on homosexuality” in Czech social work and how these may transform into social worker’s oppressive action. Finally, we propose practical suggestions that can support anti -oppressive social work in the Czech Republic.
This study examines how South Africans construct and negotiate racial identities in written commentaries via a forum of the Mail@Guardian website Thought Leader in response to a blog by Ndumiso Ngcobo entitled “I’m a coconut and I am proud of it – say it with me.” Ngcobo’s ironic opinion piece, written in 2008, which plays with the label “coconut” (frequently employed in South Africa among “black” people in reference to another “black” person who seemingly behaves “white”), triggered 163 responses from individual readers. An essential point made by Ngcobo is that perceptions and attitudes around “whiteness” and “blackness,” or what can be considered “white” or “black” in racial terms, vary greatly, depending on circumstances and perspective. However, the author’s irreverent and ironic style is misunderstood and misinterpreted by many of the comment writers. Relying partially on the methodological framework of Critical Discourse Analysis, I analyze the commentary texts and interpret the categories people use in their discursive constructions of race and identity by examining their stylistic choices and content markers and focusing on sociolinguistic and cultural issues. It is argued that the analyzed comments are representative not only of the pervasiveness of “rigid” race thinking but also of how intra-racial boundaries are constructed in the post-apartheid state.
For the inhabitants of the town of Mysłowic acquires special importance the place called „Triangle of the Three Emperors“, where in the years 1845–1918 intersected the borders of three empires – Russia, Austria and Prussia. The threefold boundary represented for many decades the sphere of constant economic, cultural and social exchange and cultural and civilisational interpenetration. Thanks to the „triangle“ was Mysłowice known all over Europe as well as on other continents and attracted thousands of tourists. The surroundings of the „Triangle of the Three Emperors“ were endowed with excellent touristic and recreational infrastructure. Nowadays this legendary place is neglected and does not remind of its former importance. However, it is still being visited by groups of tourists and hosts occasional meetings and historical commemorations. Within the town there are numerous symbolic references to the „Triangle of the Three Emperors“. The municipal council recently devised a plan to transform the „Triangle“ into a showroom of the town and constituent part of its advertising campaign. The „Triangle of the Three Emperors“ instigates emotions and acquires a prominent place in the social memory of the inhabitants of Mysłowic, as it is part of the local historical tradition. On the background of the European history it acquires its historical importance and local relevance. Through its intimate relation to local history it evokes the images of the past glory of the town. The „Triangle of the Three Emperors“ surpasses in importance the remaining parts of the town and corroborates positively the social integrity of its inhabitants. Its symbolic importance can in a crucial way influence the processes of change and creation of social consciousness, responding to the unified vision of the future, and at the same time the creation of contemporary identity of the town, relieved from existing stigma of industrialization.
In East-Central Europe, Marxist humanism embodied one of the most promising theoretical developments of the 1960s. While respecting the unquestionable value of this intellectual current, this article highlights the contradiction between the emancipatory proclamations of humanist intellectuals and their reluctance to recognize certain prevalent forms of oppression. After comparing the humanist approach toward gender-structured themes in the former Czechoslovakia with the contrasting techno-optimist approach, the latter group is shown to have been more sensitive toward women’s issues. Th e article concludes that there was an intrinsic problem in Marxist humanist theory that contributed to this historical shortcoming in its emancipatory eff orts.
The sequence diversity in the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) gene was evaluated as a tool for resolving differences among species of European adelgids collected from several localities across the Czech Republic. Members of 7 genera and 16 species were examined, and as outgroups, two species of Phylloxeridae were used. Sequence divergences within species were on average less than 0.15%, whereas divergences between species ranged from 0.0 to 4.12% for congeneric and to 13.24% for intergeneric comparisons. It is concluded that DNA barcoding of Adelgidae is a powerful tool for identifying genera, but at the species level it works only in those cases where there are no species complexes. Nevertheless, it can be used as a complement to traditional, morphological taxonomy.
A hybrid approach to elephant trunk technique for treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms combines a conventional surgical and endovascular therapy. Compared to surgery alone, there is a presumption that mortality and morbidity is reduced. We present a case report of a 42-year-old man with a giant aneurysm of the entire thoracic aorta, significant aortic and tricuspid regurgitation and ventricular septum defect. The patient underwent multiple consecutive operations and interventions having, among others, finally replaced the entire thoracic aorta with the use of the hybrid elephant trunk technique. and T. Holubec, J. Raupach, J. Dominik, J. Vojácek
This study examines the possibilities and limitations of centralizing reforms within the western part of the Habsburg monarchy, as illustrated by the problematic issue of ennoblement in the Czech lands. The administrative reforms of 1749 resulted in the administrative union of both state entities in a single whole of (all) so-called Hereditary Lands. They also led to the closure of separate offices at court representing the Czech and Austrian lands, replacing them with a single Directorium in publicis et cameralibus, which took over the ennoblement programme hitherto operated by those two offices. Despite the apparently centralizing tendency of the reforms, this did not extend to any unification of entitlements to ennoblement, which continued to be based on particular ranks and titles specific to either the Kingdom of Bohemia or the Archduchy of Austria. It was not until 1752 that, on the urging of Maria Theresa herself, a unified, legally binding system for dispensing preferment and privilege, including a unified scale of aristocratic titles for all the Hereditary Lands, was introduced. In practice, ennoblement rights in the two state entities remained differentiated as to specific titles up until the early 19th century, when the two systems were superseded by a new Austrian Imperial ranking. Thus one of the last relics of the conception of the Czech Crown Lands as an autonomous historical entity finally ceased to exist., Jiří Brňovják., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The main aim of this paper is to propose an adequate interpretation of the concept esse apparens (apparent being) which was used by Franciscan philosopher and theologian Peter Auriol (c. 1280-1322), especially focusing on his account of sensory perception. Drawing on an analysis of the relevant passages of the commentary on the Sentences by Auriol, first, I introduce his famous account of sensory illusions, and then his own claims about the nature of esse appparens (Auriol refuses to treat it either as a separate entity serving as a mediator of perception, or as only an extrinsic denomination of the perceived object). In the next part, I reject the interpretation which identifies esse apparens with mental representation. In my opinion, it is more appropriate to place this concept into the context of scholastic doctrine of objectiver or intentional being (popularized mainly by Duns Scotus and his disciples). At the end of the paper, I return to Auriol's account of illusions and show that it is compatible with esse apparens being understood as mode of being., Lukáš Lička., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
The concept of "Exclusivism" is considered to represent one of the most characteristic features of International Nuclear Law. This concept is reflected by regulating matters of uses of nuclear energy and ionising radiation exclusively by distinct principles, that govern legal relations arising in these matters. The concept of "Exclusivism" has been widely reflected in the provisions of international conventions, which have been adopted since the 1960s. This article aims to revisit this concept, taking the most recent developments in international and European law into regard. The article is dealing with the reasons and origins of the concept of "Exclusivism" in International Nuclear Law, with reflections of this concept in existing international treaties and at last but not at least, with most recent tendencies, that aim at jeopardising this concept., Jakub Handrlica., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
We suggest and use a test for evaluation of the accuracy of the harmonic coefficients in the Earth gravity field models (EMs), in which just the harmonics of the order mmin ≤ mm ≤ mmax and degree m ≤ 1 ≤ 1max are selected from the whole EMs. These parts will be called "frequency window(s)" (FWs). We treat the FWs of various recent EMs. One FW has been constructed solely from the resonant results for 12 ≤ m ≤ 15; we call it RFW. This RFW is used as a standard, sometimes independent, for comparing and testing other FWs. By means of the FWs, radius-vectors of the relevant parts of gecid are determined and compared to those of RFW. We intend to evaluate the differences between the EMs and to distinguish the models, FWs differ significantly from the RWF. and Celý článek bude publikován v Bull. Astron. Instit., sv..1985