The acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus salmonis Müller, 1784 is a common parasite of salmonid fish, but it has rarely been reported from an intermediate host. Samples of benthic amphipods, Monoporeia affinis (Lindström), were taken from multiple, deep sites (usually below 70 m) in the Gulf of Bothnia over the course of more than a decade and examined for acanthocephalans. Overall, only 0.44% of 23 296 amphipods were infected, all with just a single worm. This prevalence is consistent with several previous reports of acanthocephalans in deep-water, benthic amphipods, but it appears low compared to that often reported for acanthocephalan species infecting littoral amphipods. Parasite occurrence did not exhibit a clear regional pattern (i.e. northern vs southern sites) nor did it have any relationship with site depth. At sites sampled over multiple years, parasite abundance was consistently low (mostly < 0.01), though two spikes in abundance (over 0.06) were also observed, indicating that infection can be substantially higher at particular times or in particular places. The median density of E. salmonis in samples containing the parasite was estimated as 8.4 cystacanths per m2., Daniel P. Benesh, Raija-Liisa Aura, Ann-Britt Andersin, E. Tellervo Valtonen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Aims: This is the first study carried out to describe the role of fetal microchimerism (FM) in the pathogenesis of uterine cancer. The prevalence and concentration of male fetal microchimeric cells (FMCs) were examined in endometrial tissues in relation to subtypes of uterine cancer, and the histological grade and stage of the tumor. FM occurrence was analyzed in relation to risk factors including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, age at cancer diagnosis and patient pregnancy history. The prevalence and concentration of FMCs were examined in endometrial tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction, SRY and b-globin sequences as markers for male fetal FMCs and total DNA. The studied group involved 47 type 1 endometrial cancers, 28 type 2 endometrial cancers and 41 benign uterine diseases. Results: While the prevalence of FM was decreased only in type 1 endometrial cancer, compared to benign uterine disorders (38.3% vs.70.7%; OR = 0.257, 95% CI: 0.105 to 0.628, p = 0.003), FMC concentrations did not differ within examined groups. The lower FM prevalence was detected in low grade (grade 1 and grade 2) endometrioid cancer (38.3% vs. 70.7%, OR = 0.256, 95% CI: 0.105 to 0.627, p = 0.003) and in FIGO 1 tumors (40.7% vs. 70.7%, OR= 0.285, 95% CI: 0.120 to 0.675, p = 0.004). No correlation between FM prevalence or FMC concentrations and risk factors was demonstrated. Conclusions: A lower prevalence of male FM seemed to be associated with better prognoses in uterine cancer based on tumor subtype, histological grade and stage of the tumor. and Ilona Hromadnikova, Katerina Kotlabova, Petra Pirkova, Pavla Libalova, Zdenka Vernerova, Bohuslav Svoboda, Eduard Kucera
During a regular veterinary inspection of fishes from Lake Balaton, Hungary, echinostomatid metacercariae (Digenea), with collar spines characteristic of species of the genera Petasiger Dietz, 1909 and Paryphostomum Dietz, 1909, were found in the lateral line scales of a roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), an apparently unique site. In a subsequent examination of 586 fishes from 20 different species, similar infections were found in 11 species. The infection was virtually restricted to the lateral line scales, other scales being infected only incidentally. These encysted metacercariae had 27 collar spines, including eight larger angle spines and 19 smaller dorsal spines arranged in two rows. Two types of metacercarial cyst were found. One type had a cyst diameter of 138-171 µm × 105-120 µm and three central dorsal spines that were larger than the remainder and tended to resemble the angle spines. The second type of metacercarial cyst had a diameter of 128-157 µm × 105-115 µm and all 19 dorsal spines of the metacercaria were of a similar size. ITS sequences of the second type of metacercaria exhibited a 100% similarity to sequences of two adult Petasiger phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939) specimens collected from the gut of Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus) in Hungary and to P. phalacrocoracis deposited in the GenBank database. Sequences obtained from two metacercariae of the first type showed a 2.8-2.9 % difference from sequences of the second type of metacercaria and from those of adult specimens of P. phalacrocoracis from cormorants. Based on these results, the second type metacercaria is considered to be a larval stage of P. phalacrocoracis, but the identity of the first type is uncertain. The unusual location of these metacercariae in the lateral line scales is discussed in relation to their transmission., Kálmán Molnár, David I. Gibson, Gábor Cech, Melitta Papp, Petra Deák-Paulus, Lajos Juhász, Norbert Tóth, Csaba Székely., and Obsahuje bibliografii
At the south western border of its extensive distribution, the multivoltine large white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L., is exceptional in undergoing summer diapause or aestivation. In all other regions investigated, P. brassicae pupae only hibernate. The transitional zone from non-aestivating to aestivating populations is a geographically stable region south of the Pyrenees. The restriction of this response to this region cannot be accounted for in terms of genetics as aestivation is intermediately inherited, with the heritability (h2) of aestivation in inbreeding lines between 0.35 and 0.77. Two hypotheses are presented to explain why this species does not aestivate in more northern regions. First, aestivation is a behaviour that serves to synchronize generations in areas where this species produces a high number of generations per year. Second, aestivation reduces the incidence of parasitism suffered by the butterfly by desynchronizing its life cycle from that of its main parasitoid, Cotesia glomerata. The two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and both seem to be adaptive where the species is multivoltine. and Hubert R. Spieth, Ulrich Pörschmann, Carola Teiwes.
This article transcribes, translates, analyzes, and identifies a set of seventeen poems and songs collected in the 1830s by the pioneering Orientalist and folklorist Aleksander Chodźko, who published the songs using Perso-Arabic characters. The verses are the oldest known documents in the Māzandarāni language, also known as New or Modern Tabari, which has some three million speakers in the Persian province of Māzandarān, located south of the Caspian Sea. The texts were collected from various locations in Māzandarān and hence represent more than one dialect of New Tabari. Linguistic analysis shows that Tabari has not undergone fundamental change in the last two centuries, though certain words and grammatical traits have already ceased to be used in the language. While comparing the texts with other surviving Tabari documents from the 19th Century does yield some answers, a number of questions remain.
In this paper, we discuss the properties of limit sets of subsets and attractors in a compact metric space. It is shown that the $\omega $-limit set $\omega (Y)$ of $Y$ is the limit point of the sequence $\lbrace (\mathop {\mathrm Cl}Y)\cdot [i,\infty )\rbrace _{i=1}^{\infty }$ in $2^X$ and also a quasi-attractor is the limit point of attractors with respect to the Hausdorff metric. It is shown that if a component of an attractor is not an attractor, then it must be a real quasi-attractor.
The importance of the institution of family in housing practices has deep historical roots in Greece, and families tend to follow certain housing strategies such as late emancipation from the parental home, intergenerational house transfers and financial support for housing. Providing and maintaining a housing solution for young members is one of the top worries in this geographical region, and it is relieved via intergenerational micro-solidarities. Moreover, today’s crisis and austerity are threatening, through indirect budgetary cuts and rising taxation, the housing well-being of the citizenry which is supported only by family welfare. Nonetheless, the family still constitutes the main shock absorber of social and economic turbulence, but at what price?