The brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), one of the pests infesting cruciferous vegetables in China and Japan, is a multivoltine species that oversummers and overwinters as an adult. The effects of both temperature and photoperiod on reproductive diapause induction were systematically investigated in this beetle. Under 16L : 8D, most of the beetles entered reproductive diapause at 12-30°C, indicating that photoperiod played a crucial role in estivation diapause induction. Under 12L : 12D, all adults developed without diapause at 28 and 30°C; less than 25% of the individuals entered reproductive diapause at 16-24°C; however, 46.1% of the individuals entered diapause at 12°C, suggesting that low temperature also had a relatively important influence on the determination of diapause. The photoperiodic response curves indicate that this species is a typical short-day species. The critical day-lengths at 20, 24 and 28°C were 13.2, 13.6 and 13.8 h, respectively. Transferring them from 16L : 8D to 12L : 12D or vice versa at different ages and/or stages during their development revealed that the photoperiod experienced by adults during the first 11 days might be important for diapause determination, even though an effect of photoperiod on the larval and pupal stages can not be excluded. Transferring individuals kept at a photoperiod of 12L : 12D from 25°C to 12°C or vice versa at different ages and/or stages during their development revealed that the temperature cue for diapause is mainly perceived by the late instar larvae and pupae.
In this paper, I use Wittgenstein’s private language argument for reflecting on some folk-linguistic misconceptions. In Section 1, I show that elements of the private language semantics inform common ways of looking at some situations referred to as ''misunderstandings''. I suggest that it would be appropriate to conceive of the alleged misunderstandings as practical attitudes of mistreatment. This suggestion is explored in Section 2, which is devoted to a commonly assumed prominent example of the problem: the so-called inter-gender misunderstanding. It is believed that men and women use language in systematically different ways, as a result of which they do not understand each other properly, because they miss what their interlocutors ''mean''. The conceptual apparatus of mentalist semantics presumed here is abused in order to advocate morally reprehensible actions against women. In Section 3, I suggest that the Wittgensteinian accounts of language and mind offer arguments for denying private conceptions of understanding on the grounds of both philosophy of language and ethics., V tomto příspěvku používám argument Wittgensteinova soukromého jazyka, který reflektuje některé lidově-lingvistické mylné představy. V části 1 ukazuji, že prvky sémantiky soukromého jazyka informují o běžných způsobech, jak se podívat na některé situace označované jako ''nedorozumění''. Navrhuji, aby bylo možné považovat údajné nedorozumění za praktické postoje ohledně špatného zacházení. Tento návrh je zkoumán v části 2, která se věnuje běžně předpokládanému příkladnému problému: tzv. Nedorozumění mezi pohlavími. Předpokládá se, že muži a ženy používají jazyk systematicky různými způsoby, v důsledku čehož se správně nerozpoznávají, protože jim chybí to, co jejich partneři ''znamenají''. Konceptuální aparát mentalizované sémantiky, který se zde předpokládá, je zneužíván, aby obhajoval morálně odsouzené činy proti ženám. V sekci 3 navrhuji, aby Wittgensteinovské popisy jazyka a mysli nabízely argumenty pro popření soukromých koncepcí porozumění na základě filozofie jazyka a etiky., and Ondřej Beran
In the following paper, authors describe glycans present on cell membranes as they affect the folding, the spatial arrangement, the behavior and the interaction with the substrate of some membrane proteins. Authors describe the synthesis and assembly of a glycan on a protein, the formation of N-glycans, the maturation of an N-glycan in different cellular compartments, the structure of the glycocalyx and how it interacts with any pathogens. The study of the E-cadherin and the potassium channel to demonstrate how glycans affect the spatial arrangement, the stability and activity of the glycoproteins on the membranes. Subsequently, authors analyze the correlation between disorder glycosylation and human health. Authors define glycosylation disorders as a genetic defect that alter the structure or biosynthesis of glycans (sugar chains) in one or more biosynthetic pathways. Human glycosylation disorders reflect the disruption of early steps in the pathways of glycan biosynthesis. More in details, authors analyze the role of glycoprotein in tumor cell adhesion, in particular, in cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 on zeolite scaffold. In the same time, the role of metalloproteinase is described in the mobilization of cancer cells and in metastasis., P. Sprovieri, G. Martino., and Seznam literatury
The Self-Organizing Map model considers the possibility of 1D and 3D map topologies. However, 2D maps are by far the most used in practice. Moreover, there is a lack of a theory which studies the relative merits of 1D, 2D and 3D maps. In this paper a theory of this kind is developed, which can be used to assess which topologies are better suited for vector quantization. In addition to this, a broad set of experiments is presented which includes unsupervised clustering with machine learning datasets and color image segmentation. Statistical significance tests show that the 1D maps perform significantly better in many cases, which agrees with the theoretical study. This opens the way for other applications of the less popular variants of the self-organizing map.
Fluorite mineralization is controlled by the multiple geological processes such as structural control, geochemical characterization of hydrothermal fluids, temperature and depth. The mineralization associated with the alteration of the host rocks and trapping of fluid in the host rock crystallographic defects. Alteration in the host rocks due to circulation of hydrothermal fluids and several techniques were applied to discriminate the associated alterations in fluorite deposition using the ASTER images. The resulting images indicated that the fluorite mineralization in the studied area accompanied by propylitic and phyllic alterations. The results of micro-thermometry analysis of the fluorite hosted fluid inclusions indicated that the maximum homogenization temperature was 253 C°. These data implies that the temperature of hydrothermal fluids probably had an essential role in the propagation of the alteration zones. The depth versus homogenization temperature diagram for fluorite mineralization in the studied district revealed that the depth of fluorite mineralization varies between 33 to 256 m. Two fluorite generations were distinguishing in the study district. The first generation is characterized by high salinity (18-25 wt% NaCl) which developed on the deeper level and along the fault zone. The second generation is characterized by low salinity (6-13 wt% NaCl) on shallow depth and deposited in the fractures. The results revealed that fluorite deposition was not contemporaneous with host rock deformation and deposited in the late-stage deformation phase.
Circellium bacchus is a flightless telecoprid (ball-rolling) dung beetle, endemic to the afrotropical region, where it is found in a few restricted populations in the eastern Cape of South Africa. Its apterous condition and large size (mass ranges from 6 to 12 g) are considered to be adaptations to a semi-arid habitat. This beetle is active in the sun for long periods, walking between widely scattered dung pats, thus is under selection pressure to reduce water loss.
C. bacchus has eight spiracles on each side of the body. The metathoracic spiracle and six abdominal spiracles open into the subelytral cavity, which is closed. The mesothoracic spiracle is the largest and most exposed, occurring ventrally in the membrane connecting the prothorax and mesothorax.
When at rest a cyclic form of respiration, known as discontinuous gas exchange cycle, is used by C. bacchus, releasing a burst of carbon dioxide approximately once an hour when the spiracles open for about 33 minutes. Flow-through respirometry was used to measure water loss from the thorax (being the head, prothorax and mesothorax) and elytral case (containing the metathorax and abdomen) separately. The total water loss of C. bacchus could be divided up as 65% cuticular water loss from the thorax, 35% cuticular water loss from the elytral case, 4% respiratory water loss from the thorax and no measurable respiratory water loss from the elytral case. 1.51 µg of water is lost for every µl of CO2 emitted during respiration in the thorax. Thus, the main avenue for both respiration and respiratory water loss is via the mesothoracic spiracles, suggesting that the primary function of the subelytral cavity is not to reduce respiratory water loss.
For small meteoric bodies, terminating high in the atmosphere (i.e.
under free molecular conditions) it was possible to neglect the effect of thermal motions of air particles. As regards fireballs, bodies with masses in excess of about 0.1 kg, penetrating deep into the atnosphere, the ambient atmosphere has the properties of a continuous medium. Under these conditions, the thermal motions of atmospheric particles behind ťhe shock wave become
the decisive factor for momentum and energy transfer to the meteoroid. F'or fireballs these thermal motions practically replace the effect of direct impacts of particles of hie undisturbed atmosphere, considered earlier under free molecular conditions. The form of the equations, describing the motion and ablation of a large body (fireball) will remain the same as for small bodies, but the coefficients occurring in the equations will have a different
physical meaning.
In a previous paper (Padevet, 1984), the author pointed out the decisive role of thermal motions of air particles in the continuous medium behind a shock wave for fireballs. Nevertheless, the change in quality of the mechanism of momentum and energy transfer had practically no effect on the values of the transferred quantities. It was found that the role of thernal motions of particles of meteoric material becomes distinctly manifest only if the interaction of the atmosphee with the ablated meteoric material is considered. This may explain some of the observed phenomena, e.g. the "mass paradox", or the photographed fragmentation of fireballs. It also appears probable that all four groups of fireballs, I, II, IIIA, IIIB, determined earlier, can be assigned to known types of meteorites, in particular to chondrites of four known types, viz H, L, CM and CI. However, the theory of fireballs in a continuous medium should be further developed in several directions, as pointed out by the author in the discussion.