In order to evaluate the combined effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) and salinity on the physiological responses of macroalgae, Ulva prolifera was cultured under three salinity treatments (5, 10,
25‰) and at different pH, i.e., at pH 4.4 (C), pH 4.4(F), where the pH of the culture increased from 4.4 to approximately 7.8 during the cultivation period, or in absence of SAR at pH 8.2(C), at 100 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1 and 20°C. Compared to 25‰ salinity, Relative growth rate (RGR) of U. prolifera was enhanced by 10‰ salinity, but decreased by 5‰ salinity. No significant differences in RGR were observed between the pH 8.2(C) and pH 4.4(F) treatments, but the chlorophyll a content was reduced by SAR. Negative effects of SAR on the photosynthesis were observed, especially under low salinity treatments. Based on the results, we suggested that the U. prolifera showed a tolerance to a wide range of salinity in contrast to the low pH induced by acid rain., Y. H. Li, D. Wang, X. T. Xu, X. X. Gao, X. Sun, N. J. Xu., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu
a1_The halophytic C4 grass, Aeluropus littoralis, was cultivated under low (50 mM) and high (200 mM) NaCl salinity and inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Claroideoglomus etunicatum in a sand culture medium for 20 weeks. Shoot and root dry mass increased under salinity conditions up to 24 and 86%, respectively. Although the root colonization rate significantly decreased in the presence of salt, AMF-colonized (+AMF) plants had higher biomass compared with plants without AMF colonization (-AMF) only under saline conditions. Net CO2 assimilation rate increased significantly by both salinity levels despite stable stomatal opening. In contrast, AMF-mediated elevation of the net CO2 assimilation rate was associated with a higher stomatal conductance. Unexpectedly, leaf activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase decreased by salinity and AMF colonization. Transpiration rate was not affected by treatments resulting in higher water-use efficiency under salinity and AMF conditions. Concentrations of soluble sugars and free α-amino acids increased by both salinity and AMF treatments in the shoot but not in the roots. Proline concentration in the leaves was higher in the salt-treated plants, but AMF colonization did not affect it significantly. Leaf activity of nitrate reductase increased by both salinity and AMF treatments. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher Na+ and K+ uptake, while Ca2+ uptake was not affected by salt or AMF colonization. The ratio of K+/Na+ increased by AMF in the shoot while it decreased in the roots. Leaf osmotic potential was lowered under salinity in both +AMF and -AMF plants. Our results indicated that higher dry matter production in the presence of salt and AMF could be attributed to higher CO2 and nitrate assimilation rates in the leaves., a2_Higher leaf accumulation of soluble sugars and α-amino acids but not proline and elevated water-use efficiency were associated with the improved growth of A. littoralis inoculated with AMF., R. Hajiboland, F. Dashtebani, N. Aliasgharzad., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Macroalgae must be able to survive in conditions of different light intensities with no damage to their physiological performance or vital processes. Irradiance can stimulate the biosynthesis of certain photoprotective compounds of biotechnological interest, such as pigments and proteins. Pterocladiella capillacea is a shade-grown alga, which play a role key in the balance of marine ecosystems. In addition, it is considered one of the best sources of bacteriological agar and agarose with a wide pharmacological potential. In order to evaluate the photosensitivity in P. capillacea under 60 (control) and moderate light intensity of 300 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1, photosynthetic performance and chemical composition were assessed. P. capillacea showed photosensitivity without evidence of photodamage. The results indicate the possibility to increase a growth rate and probably infer productivity in long-term cultivation by stimulation at moderate light intensity. Increasing photosynthetic pigment and protein contents were also observed under medium light, an interesting result for functional ingredient approaches., T. B. Harb, A. Nardelli, F. Chow., and Obsahuje bibliografii
To understand the contribution of potassium (K+) channels, particularly α-dendrotoxin (D-type)-sensitive K+ channels (Kv.1, Kv1.2 or Kv1.6 subunits), to the generation of neuronal spike output we must have detailed information of the functional role of these channels in the neuronal membrane. Conventional intracellular recording methods in current clamp mode were used to identify the role of α-dendrotoxin (α-DTX)-sensitive K+ channel currents in shaping the spike output and modulation of neuronal properties of cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PCs) in slices. Addition of α-DTX revealed that D-type K+ channels play an important role in the shaping of Purkinje neuronal firing behavior. Repetitive firing capability of PCs was increased following exposure to artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing α-DTX, so that in response to the injection of 0.6 nA depolarizing current pulse of 600 ms, the number of action potentials insignificantly increased from 15 in the presence of 4-AP to 29 action potentials per second after application of DTX following pretreatment with 4-AP. These results indicate that D-type K+ channels (Kv.1, Kv1.2 or Kv1.6 subunits) may contribute to the spike frequency adaptation in PCs. Our findings suggest that the activation of voltage-dependent K+ channels (D and A types) markedly affect the firing pattern of PCs., H. Haghdoust, M. Janahmadi, G. Behzadi., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
V roce 2010 byl v České republice poprvé zaznamenán výskyt pilatky azalkové (Nematus lipovskyi), jejichž housenice způsobují holožíry na měkkolistých pěnišnících. Druh byl již zaznamenán na více než 60 lokalitách především v Praze a ve středních Čechách, příčemž jde o první zaznamenaný výskyt druhu mimo území USA. V botanické zahradě Přírodovědecké fakulty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze byli poprvé odchyceni samci tohoto druhu., The Azalea sawfly (Nematus lipovskyi), previously known from the eastern states of the USA, was first recorded in the Czech Republic. Since the discovery of the species in 2010 in the botanical garden of Charles University in Prague, more than 60 localities of Nematus lipovskyi have been confirmed, mostly from Prague and Central Bohemia. Males of the species were found for the first time since the description of the species., and Petr Šípek, Ján Macek.
Plachetnatky (čeleď Linyphiidae) jsou po skákavkách (Salticidae) druhově nejbohatší čeledí pavouků. V temperátních zónách, včetně České republiky, dokonce jde o pavoučí čeleď s největším počtem druhů. Jsou to lehcí pavouci, snadno a ochotně se šíří větrem. Jejich dobrá migrační schopnost je obzvlášť výhodná v mírných pásech, které musely být po každé době ledové znovu kolonizovány. Své české jméno dostaly plachetnatky podle lapací sítě - horizontálně upředené plachetky. Většina plachetnatek jsou drobné, nenápadně zbarvené druhy. Poměrně velká a pestře zbarvená plachetnatka keřová (Linyphia triangularis) představuje jednu z mála výjimek., The Common Hammock-Weaver is rather untypical member of the family Linyphiidae due to its large size and clear markings on the cephalothorax. It is found across a large part of the Palaearctic and occurs as a ‘generalist’ in damp forests, meadows, forest edges, parks and gardens. The web consists of a horizontal sheet and a network of loose ‘tripwires’. Mature examples of the species are found from August to October. Males show ‘mate guarding’ behaviour., and Milan Řezáč.
Plachetnatka nákorní (Drapetisca socialis) z čeledi plachetnatkovití (Linyphiidae) je jedním z mála druhů pavouků žijících v České republice, který se dokonale přizpůsobil k životu na kmenech stromů adaptacemi morfologickými (zbarvení, délka končetin) i etologickými. Síť této plachetnatky se skládá pouze z několika horizontálně a vertikálně napnutých vláken., Drapetisca socialis from the family Linyphiidae is a spider species with great morphological (coloration, long legs) and ethological (web reduction) adaptations to life on smooth tree trunks. This spider attaches an unusual reduced web vertically to tree trunks., and Ondřej Machač.
Professor Johan Rockström of the Stockholm Resilience Centre accepted the invitation of Charles University’s Environment Center to give a presentation on Human Development within the Planetary Boundaries at the Czech Academy on April 27, 2010. Professor Rockström has spent more than twelve years in research and development work in developing countries, and has written more than 40 scientific publications in the areas of water resource management, agricultural development, environmental management, systems and resilience research. and Tomáš Hák, Bedřich Moldan.
Plant volatiles can synergize the response to moth pheromone. Synthetic pheromone analogs, in turn, have the opposite effect in reducing pheromone attractiveness. To determine how these two types of stimuli interact and influence male moth behaviour, we performed wind tunnel experiments on the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana. We noticed that a blend of host plant volatiles [(E)-β-caryophyllene, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-octen-3-ol in a 100:20:10:5 ratio] significantly increased the response of males to an optimized blend of sex pheromone [(7E,9Z)-dodeca-7,9-dienyl acetate (E7,Z9-12:Ac), (7E,9Z)- dodeca-7,9-dienol (E7,Z9-12:OH) and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac)] in a 100:10:2 ratio. However, the response of males to the natural attractant was significantly reduced by two analogs [(9E,11Z)-tetradeca-9,11-dien-2-one (MK 2) and [(9E,11Z)-1,1,1-trifluoro-tetradeca-9,11-dien-2-one (TFMK 3)], of the major component of the sex pheromone of the insect (E7,Z9-12:Ac). When both stimuli were tested on males at pheromone:analog:plant volatile blend 1:100:1000 ratio, the plant blend offset the inhibitory effect induced by TFMK 3 but not that of MK 2. Our results show for the first time that under laboratory conditions plant volatiles can prevent inhibition by a pheromone analog., Albert Sans, Miguel Morán, Magí Riba, Ángel Guerrero, Jaume Roig, César Gemeno., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Permanent plastid-nuclear complexes (PNCs) exist in tobacco cells from their mitosis up to programmed cell death (PCD). PNCs in senescing cells of tobacco leaves were typical by enclosure of peroxisomes and mitochondria among chloroplasts which were in contact with nucleus. Such a complex position provides simultaneous interaction of these organelles and direct regulation of metabolism and PCD avoiding the cytosol. and T. Selga, M. Selga, A. Ozoliņa.