For Niklas Luhmann modern society is a functionally differentiated society, i. e. it is composed of heterogeneous but equal parts which are relatively independent and are defined as social subsystems. Luhmann’s analysis presents contemporary society as a whole differentiated into functionally dependent yet autonomous sub-systems that constitute neighbouring worlds for each other. This raises the question of the existence or non-existence of potential unifying forces or integration mechanisms. In Luhmann’s view the main problem is the non-existence of means of “metacommunication”. The development of specialised media and codes in the individual sub-systems increases the overall complexity of the social system, but does not entail the metacom¬munication that would make possible the self-observation and self-reference of the social system as a whole. and Jiří Šubrt.
Teorie fikčních světů se ve světovém kontextu rozvíjí od sedmdesátých let minulého století a od svých počátků je inspirována nejrůznějšími logickými a filozofickými koncepty. Dnes její plně ustavená forma nabízí konkrétní nástroje a strategie vhodné pro řešení široké škály literárně teoretických problémů. Samotné založení teorie fikčních světů je spojeno se jménem Lubomíra Doležela, který později její vývoj obohacuje o klíčové rozlišení mezi extensionální a intensionální strukturou fikčních světů. Tato distinkce rozvíjí budoucí instrumentální potenciál celé teorie. Nicméně i díky Doleželovu následnému bádání v oblasti fikčních a historických narativů se jedním ze současných použití této teorie stala její aplikace na otázky identity literatury a podstaty fikce a fikčnosti literárních děl., The theory of fictional worlds has developed, in the world context, since the 1970s and has, from its beginnings, been inspired by various logical and philosophical concepts. Today, in its fully established form, it offers concrete instruments and strategies suited to the solution of a wide range of literary-theoretical problems. The actual founding of the theory of fictional worlds is linked with the name of Lubomír Doležel, who later enriched its development with the key distinction between the extensional and intensional structures of fictional worlds. This distinction has enhanced the future instrumental potential of the whole theory. Nevertheless, due also to Doležel’s subsequent research in the area of fictional and historical narratives, one contemporary use of this theory has become its application to the questions of the identity of literature and the basis of fiction and the fictionality of literary works., and Bohumil Fořt.
The article reexamines the origins of the legend of the donation which Emperor Constantine the Great was to make to Pope Sylvester I, offering him Rome and the secular power over the western part of the Roman Empire. Its main purpose is to analyze how the hagiographical text produced in the late fifth century to promote the cult of St. Sylvester was adopted and used by medieval popes to endorse their dominant position in Latin Christendom. The charter of Constantine’s Donation became one of the most famous medieval forgeries, which served to legitimize the existence of papal state in Italy and to promote the idea of popes’ superiority over emperors and other secular rulers. It was only in the middle of the fifteenth century that the authenticity of that document was successfully questioned by Nicholas of Cusa and in particular by Lorenzo Valla. The latter in his treatise De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione by means of a careful historical and philological analysis demonstrated that Constantine’s Donation was a pure forgery. and Paweł Kras.