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1. “Dissatisfied breadwinners” in search of the human being: how gender inequality was seen - and not seen - in Czechoslovak marxist humanism

Creator:
Mervart, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Marxist humanism, gender, emancipation, and Czechoslovakia
Language:
Czech
Description:
In East-Central Europe, Marxist humanism embodied one of the most promising theoretical developments of the 1960s. While respecting the unquestionable value of this intellectual current, this article highlights the contradiction between the emancipatory proclamations of humanist intellectuals and their reluctance to recognize certain prevalent forms of oppression. After comparing the humanist approach toward gender-structured themes in the former Czechoslovakia with the contrasting techno-optimist approach, the latter group is shown to have been more sensitive toward women’s issues. Th e article concludes that there was an intrinsic problem in Marxist humanist theory that contributed to this historical shortcoming in its emancipatory eff orts.
Rights:
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2. "Doch ist es immerhin möglich, daß Sie sich ins Utopische verlocken lassen." Die Ereignisse der Jahre 1914 bis 1918 in der Korrespondenz Hermann Bahrs mit Jaroslav Kvapil

Creator:
Ifkovits, Kurt
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Hermann Bahr, Jaroslav Kvapil, World War I, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, and nation building
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article examines the correspondence between the Austrian author Hermann Bahr and the Czech dramaturge, author and politician Jaroslav Kvapil. It focuses on the years during World War I and the increasingly divergent interests of these two figures. While Bahr is concerned with renewing Austria, Kvapil is engaged in nation building in the newly forming Czechoslovakia. and Článek zahrnuje odkazy pod čarou
Rights:
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3. "Let´s slaughter the Gypsies!" Anti-Roma pogrom in Pobedim in 1928

Creator:
Baloun, Pavel
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
pogrom, anti-Roma violence, Czechoslovakia, and anti-Gypsy measures
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article deals with the multiple murders of Roma people committed by a number of local citizens in Pobedim, a village in West Slovakia,during the night of October 1-2, 1928, which could be understood as an anti-Roma pogrom. Attention is paid to the interactions between different Czechoslovak state authorities such as gendarmerie, the district office, provincial office, court and municipalities in the region shortly before the outbreak of the pogrom and in its aftermath. Drawing on Giorgio Agamben´s theory elaborated for the analysis of anti-Gypsy measures by various scholars, e.g. Jennifer Illuzzi, the author argues that the extreme violence resulted from the tensions and conflicts between those historical actors who enforced the contemporary anti-Gypsy measures on the regional level and which led to the creation of the state of exception for the population labeled as Gypsies. The analysis also reveals the variety of contemporary practices of exclusion towards the population labeled as Gypsies in interwar Czechoslovakia. Despite the fact that the Roma were victims of a brutal assault even the trials attest to the extreme asymmetry of power between the accused portrayed as “decent citizens” and the bare lives of the Roma. Because the executive state authorities circumvented the judiciary and forged their own solution allegedly more suited to the public interest, the Roma were caught in the state of exception. Furthermore,the article shows how ideas of Gypsies´ internment in various types of forced labor camps as a permanent and spatial embodiment of the state of exception stemmed from the dynamic of enforcing anti-Gypsy measures. and Obsahuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
Rights:
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4. "Z krvácejících rakví teče naše vůle." Sudetští Němci také jako muži října?

Creator:
Petrbok, Václav and Randák, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
March 4th 1919, October 28th 1918, Czechoslovakia, Sudeten, Czech Germans, and self-determination
Language:
Czech
Description:
The study situates the events that took place on the Czech borderland on March 4th, 1919 into a greater historical context and refers to the usage of the imagery of the fallen Czech German protestors in contemporary literature. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
Rights:
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5. ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'' po česku: holokaust v českém samizdatu

Creator:
Peter Hallama and Petr Dvořáček
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Šimečka, Milan, 1930-1990, 20. století, historiografie, holocaust (1939-1945), samizdat, historiography, Československo, Czechoslovakia, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
a1_Původní verze tohoto článku vyšla pod názvem ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung’ auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat'' ve sborníku pod redakcí Petera Hallamy a Stephana Stacha Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig, Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, s. 237-260). Autor analyzuje reflexi holokaustu v literatuře českého disentu vydávané samizdatem v sedmdesátých a osmdesátých letech minulého století. Zaměřuje se především na historické práce, sleduje ale i publicistické příspěvky, memoárová a beletristická díla stejně jako překladové publikace. Konkrétně se článek soustředí na dva aspekty, které dobře ukazují, jak obtížné bylo - a stále ještě je - plně integrovat holokaust do českých národních dějin. Zaprvé, holokaust byl v disentu často pojímán jako důkaz nehumánní povahy totalitních režimů. Avšak tento výklad vedl k tomu, že pronásledování Židů (nacistickým režimem) se ocitalo na stejné úrovni jako perzekuce Čechů (nacistickým, ale i komunistickým režimem). Zadruhé, pokud docházelo k přehodnocování nebo zpochybňování české národní metanarace, témata jako domácí antisemitismus nebo holokaust bývala v těchto případech ignorována., a2_Disidenti připouštěli, že otázka viny (Schuldfrage) se sice týká i Československa, avšak vztahovali ji na vyhnání německé menšiny po druhé světové válce. Naopak téma holokaustu mezi disidenty žádnou podobnou debatu nevyvolalo. Chování Čechů během druhé světové války, postoj k Židům a domácí antisemitismus tak nebyly vůbec zpochybňovány. Z tohoto důvodu byl podle autora holokaust v pracích věnovaných českým dějinám dvacátého století spíše přehlížen, nebo v lepším případě jen sporadicky zmiňován, ať již tyto texty vycházely oficiálně, nebo samizdatem., This is a Czech translation of ''Vergangenheitsbewältigung'' auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat" which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds.), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäichen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237-60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissent literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretations, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning to the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrats, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history - whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat., Peter Hallama ; Z němčiny přeložil Petr Dvořáček., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
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6. ''You have to fight the struggle yourselves'': the political role of the Soviet Army and its local allies in ''Normalization'' of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969)

Creator:
Černá, Marie and Medková, Blanka
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Czechoslovakia, Prague Spring, and Soviet invasion
Language:
English
Description:
The study deals with political activities of the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia after the intervention on August 21, 1968, and its sympathizers from the ranks of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The authoress examines the topic in the early stage of the so-called normalization (until the spring of 1970), focusing on the local level; however, she sets her research into a broader period context and derives general conclusions from its results. Although the offi cial agreement on the temporary stay of Soviet troops in the territory of Czechoslovakia declared that the Soviet Army should not interfere with domestic affairs of the Czechoslovak state, the Soviet leadership kept devising plans how to make use of the presence of Soviet troops for political purposes. Soviet offi cers participated in the dissemination of Soviet propaganda, established contacts with local anti-reform party offi cials, spoke at their forums, complained about hostile attitudes of Czechoslovak political bodies, and thus kept pressing for a legitimization of the political arrangements. The authoress shows that local pro-Soviet activists, who had maintained contacts with the Soviet Army from the very beginning and been taking over its political agenda, were playing a crucial role in the success of these efforts. In line with Soviet intentions, they were implementing the normalization process ''from below'',initiating purges in various organs, demanding the dismissal of offi cials protesting against presence of the Soviet Army, participating in the subsequent political vetting. They were actively pushing through a change of the offi cial approach to the Soviet Army and helped break its boycott by the Czechoslovak society, which had initially been almost unanimous. In doing so, they were making use of their personal contacts to organize manifestation ''friendship'' meetings and visits of Soviet soldiers to Czechoslovak schools and factories. The authoress analyzes the reasons of the attitude of these activists, most of whom came from the ranks of ''old'' (pre-war) and ''distinguished'' members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and illustrates the development outlined above by specifi c examples. By way of conclusion, she notes that, although different forms of the CzechoslovakSoviet ''friendship'' since 1968 are often viewed as mere formalistic acts without any deeper meaning at the level of ''lived'' experience, they were, from the viewpoint of the Soviet policy, well thought-out and centrally planned propagandistic activities which contributed to the promotion of the Soviet interpretation of the Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion and discredited its opponents. and Přeložila Blanka Medková
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8. 40 let výzkumu technologie přípravy optických vláken v Československu - počátky 1979-1993

Creator:
Matějec, Vlastimil, Kašík, Ivan, and Hayer, Miloš
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
research, technology, optical fiber, preform, MCVD method, Czechoslovakia, výzkum, technologie, optické vlákno, preforma, metoda MCVD, and Československo
Language:
Czech
Description:
The paper deals with the commemoration of early stages of technology research of silica optical fibers in Czechoslovakia till 1993. Technology of three types of telecommunication fibers - polymer-clad-silica, graded-index and single-mode ones and that of several types of specialty optical fibers like polarization maintaining bow-tie fibers or rare-earth doped fibers belong to the most important achievements of this period. The prepared samples exhibited parameters comparable to world-class top production. The technology research was understood not only as a description of a set of receipts but mainly as scientific understanding of process fundaments. Thanks to this approach, in later period it was possible to continue in the research of specialty optical fibers for fiber sensors, fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers. Such research is performed in the Laboratory of Optical Fibers of the Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences to date. and Článek připomíná počátky výzkumu technologie křemenných optických vláken vČeskoslovensku do roku 1993. Mezi jeho úspěchy patřilo vypracování technologií tří typů telekomunikačních vláken - ''polymer-clad-silica'', gradientních a jednovidových a dále několika typů speciálních vláken - zachovávajících polarizaci typu ''bow-tie'' a dopovaných ionty vzácných zemin. Připravené vzorky dosahovaly parametrů srovnatelných v té době se světem. Technologický výzkum byl chápán nejen jako popis souboru výrobních postupů, ale zejména jako pochopení vědeckých základů. Díky tomu bylo později možné efektivně pokračovat ve výzkumu speciálních vláken pro vláknové sensory, zesilovače a lasery, který v Laboratoři optických vláken Ústavu fotoniky a elektroniky AVČR pokračuje dodnes.
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9. A “right to sadness”: late socialist environmentalism between technocracy and romanticism and the Czech nature writer Jaromír Tomeček

Creator:
Babička, Martin
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
environmentalism, late socialism, Czechoslovakia, socialist realism, and nuclear energy
Language:
Czech
Description:
The article examines the works of nature writer Jaromír Tomeček, his public image, and his reception by literary theory and criticism as a distinctive late socialist response to environmental concerns. The article argues that the “ecological techno-optimism” of Jaromír Tomeček was representative of the late socialist reconsideration of human-nature relations that rejected the earlier modern understanding of humans as masters of nature and tried to find a new harmony between the two, but that also rejected the “pessimistic” perspective of Western ecology. Revising the tradition of socialist realism, late socialist literature allowed for sorrow over loss (“a right to sadness”) while still giving primacy to joy over progress, negating the “existential despair” of the 1960s. It thus preserved the progressive temporal orientation tied to the socialist ideal of increasing material wellbeing while trying to reconcile technocratic rationality with romantic subjectivity. “Ecological techno-optimism” eventually materialized in the form of the nuclear energy programme as the solution to the ecological crisis.
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10. Biografická prolegomena: k raným létům egyptologa Jaroslava Černého

Creator:
Navrátilová, Hana and Sinclair, Paul
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
history of science, 20th century, historiography, Egyptology, sicial history, Jaroslav Černý, Czechoslovakia, elites, and invisible college
Language:
Czech
Description:
Early life, education and social contacts of the Czech-born Egyptologist Jaroslav Černý (who identified himself as a citizen of Czechoslovakia in his lifetime) are shown in the context of his family history, social expectations and developing academic practices in Austria-Hungary and early Czechoslovakia. Černý’s family aspired to be considered middle class in terms of social interaction, although they lived in straitened circumstances exacerbated by the economic austerity of the First World War era. Černý himself trained as a Classical scholar and later as an Egyptologist at Prague University, but did not fit the role model combining a teaching career (which offered sustenance) with a university Privatdozent role (which offered participation in the academic community), which was the practice accepted in his teachers’ generation. Instead, he embarked on a career in financial services, alongside pursuit of his academic studies that soon encompassed major European museum collections with Egyptian exhibits and put him in contact with the international Egyptological community. His solution was appreciated by his sponsors, including major political and financier figures of the then Czechoslovakia, as being practical as well as showing single-minded determination. It is also suggested that the skills developed during his years in portfolio work were later applied to his research. Translated by Hana Navrátilová and Paul Sinclair and Překlad redumé: Hana Navrátilová and Paul Sinclair
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