A comparative study of material of Sempervivum marmoreum Griseb. from the type locality (Mt Athos, Greece) and the northern part of its distribution revealed a distinct morphotype occurring in an isolated enclave along the Slovak–Hungarian border. As its karyotype differs it is formally described here as a new species – Sempervivum matricum Letz. The name Sempervivum assimile Schott, formerly considered as a possible name for this species is here critically examined. A morphological characterization of the new species, photographs of the plant and a distribution map based on revised herbarium specimens are provided.
Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 are one of the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. Faecal samples from 179 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes [Linnaeus]), 100 grey wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus), 11 golden jackals (Canis aureus Linnaeus), and 63 brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) were collected in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy and PCR/sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU), actin and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes using the maximum likelihood method revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri Ren, Zhao, Zhang, Ning, Jian et al., 2012 (n = 1) and C. andersoni Lindsay, Upton, Owens, Morgan, Mead et Blackburn, 2000 (n = 2) in red foxes, C. canis Fayer, Trout, Xiao, Morgan, Lai et Dubey, 2001 (n = 2) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín et Macarisin, 2010 (n = 2) in grey wolves, and C. galli Pavlásek, 1999 in brown bears (n = 1) and red foxes (n = 1). Subtyping of isolates of C. ubiquitum and C. tyzzeri based on sequence analysis of gp60 showed that they belong to the XIId and IXa families, respectively. The presence of specific DNA of C. tyzzeri, C. andersoni and C. galli, which primarily infect the prey of carnivores, is probably the result of their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the carnivores. Finding C. ubiquitum XIId in wolves may mean broadening the host spectrum of this subtype, but it remains possible this is the result of infected prey passing through the wolf - in this case deer, which is a common host of this parasite. The dog genotype of C. canis was reported for the first time in wolves.
a1_Studie analyzuje a hodnotí změny základních principů a priorit zahraniční kulturní politiky Spolkové republiky Německo od poválečné doby do současnosti, a to na základě komparace tří klíčových koncepčních dokumentů z let 1977, 2000 a 2011 a jejich zasazení do širšího kontextu německého politického a společenského vývoje. Hledá odpověď na otázku, co sledované změny vypovídají o celkovém vývoji německé zahraniční politiky i německé společnosti, jejího vnímání sebe sama a vyrovnávání se složitou minulostí. Výklad věnovaný jednotlivým koncepcím přitom prokládá stručný nástin a zhodnocení jejich důsledků pro vývoj česko(slovensko)-německých kulturních vztahů. Studie se inspiruje politologickými přístupy, tématu se ovšem věnuje z pohledu historika. Je možné ji zařadit k proudu, který je někdy označován jako „moderní“ nebo „nové“ politické dějiny. V provedeném rozboru autorka ukázala, že principy, jež se v západoněmecké zahraniční kulturní politice prosadily během šedesátých a sedmdesátých let (rozšířené pojetí kultury, kultura jako „nabídka pro všechny“, důraz na rovnocennou vzájemnou výměnu), byly do značné míry obsaženy ještě v koncepci z roku 2000. V posledních letech však od nich Německo do určité míry ustupuje nebo je vykládá odlišně, což velmi zřetelně odráží koncepce německé zahraniční kulturní politiky z roku 2011. Výrazně vzrostl především důraz na německé národní zájmy, čímž se německý přístup přiblížil francouzskému a britskému. Studie tak podporuje tezi o „normalizaci“ německé zahraniční politiky v jednadvacátém století., a2_Historický vývoj mezinárodních vztahů a také rostoucí vliv hospodářských zájmů na oblast zahraniční kulturní politiky zrcadlí mimo jiné i proměna regionálních priorit od jednoznačné orientace na Západ přes pozornost věnovanou transformující se střední a východní Evropě ke zvýšenému zájmu o hospodářsky se rozvíjející mimoevropské země., b1_This article analyses and assesses changes in the basic principles and priorities of the cultural diplomacy of the Federal Republic of Germany from the post-war period to the present. It does so by comparing three central documents related to general conceptions, from 1977, 2000, and 2011, and considering them into the broader context of German political and social developments. The article seeks to explain what these changes say about the overall development of German foreign policy and German society, its perceptions of itself, and coming to terms with its complicated past. The interpretation of the individual conceptions is accompanied by a brief outline and an assessment of their consequences for the development of Czech(oslovak)-German cultural relations. The article draws on approaches taken in political science, while considering the topic from the position of an historian. It can reasonably be said to be part of the trend sometimes called ‘modern’ or ‘new’ political history. In her analysis, the author seeks to demonstrate that the principles which were promoted in West German cultural diplomacy during the 1960s and 1970s (namely, an expanded conception of culture, culture as ‘something for everyone’, and emphasis on equal mutual exchange), were to a considerable extent still part of the conception of 2000. In recent years, however, Germany has somewhat retreated from them or interprets them differently, which is distinctly reflected in the conception of German cultural diplomacy from 2011. Mainly the emphasis on German national interests has increased, whereby the German approach has begun to resemble those of the French and the British. The article thus supports the thesis about the ‘normalization’ of German foreign policy in the twenty-first century., b2_The historical development of international relations and also the growing influence of economic interests on the area of cultural diplomacy are reflected in, among other things, the change in regional priorities from a straightforward orientation to the West, then to attention to central and eastern Europe in transformation, and eventually to an increased interest in economically developing non-European countries., Petra Baštová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings of three different origins were used to evaluate the effect of water deficit and recovery during the most vulnerable phase of forest tree life. Gas-exchange characteristics and fluorescence rapid light curves were studied in the seedlings from a warm region (PV1, 530 m a.s.l.), seedlings from a moderately warm region (PV2, 625 m a.s.l.), optimal for beech, and in seedlings from a cool region (PV3; 1,250 m a.s.l.). Changes in photosynthetic characteristics caused by water deficit were similar, but their intensity was dependent on the origin of the seedlings. Simulation of drought conditions by the interruption of watering led to a decrease in the efficiency of primary photochemistry in PSII, with the most significant decrease in the PV2 seedlings. Conversely, water deficit affected most significantly gas exchange in PV3, where the recovery process was also the worst. The PV1 demonstrated the highest resistance to water deficit. Drought-adaptation of beech seedlings at non-native sites seems to be linked to water availability and to the origin of the beech seedlings., E. Pšidová, Ľ. Ditmarová, G. Jamnická, D. Kurjak, J. Majerová, T. Czajkowski, A. Bolte., and Obsahuje bibliografii