This paper deals with the problem of secret non-catholicism in the northeast Bohemia at the end of the first third of the 18th century and its connection with the religions movement of local serfs. It points out the role of reading religious literature like the Bible, prager-books and hymn-books on secret non-catholics meetings. That was an irreplaceable part of their speeches as was the role of religious legates from the milieu of Sorbian pietistical communities. A sudden abnormal concentration of religious emissaries in a small part of Opočno's manor, the spectre of newle smuggled books sold by emigrants even their apparent help with the formulation of requests of serfs to autorities and maybe the autorships of the creed of the religion gives evidence of a strong influence of emigration. In the Memorial's formal dogmatics we can find clear symptoms of the pietistical influence on the formulation of official request. We can assume that the text of the creed of the religion is not a local non-catholics production. It evidently grew out of a remarkably vague awareness of former faith of ancestors influenced by Lutheran pietism in the 18th century. The fading influence of the ideas of Czech reformations of 16th century can be seen even in the structure of non/catholic books. Contraband books prevails at the end of the first third of the 18* century. These books had a great influence on formalization of dogmatic that necessary to refer to the leading local figures of Opočno events that happened in the September of 1732. A use of catholics production was not an Exception. The reading of secret non/catholics in privat and meetings and its structure deals ill-definated dogmatics positions of this rural community.
The stubborn decision of the Latvian government to join the eurozone at any cost put a great burden on Latvian households after the crisis of 2008. Nevertheless, no popular protest movement emerged to change the course of this decision. This study discusses why Latvians undertook individual strategies to cope with the forex loan crisis. Particularly, I look at the choice between formal debt relief procedures and emigration as alternative individual strategies for defaulted debtors. These programmes have not reversed the negative migration trends or significantly decreased the number of Latvian households in arrears. Debt discharge is mainly attainable for wealthy individuals who are able to mobilise their financial and kinship resources. Worse-off debtors cannot attain debt discharge or are stigmatised during the process. Alternatively, emigration has offered a way to cope with overindebtedness and keep up with mortgages and consumer loan payments for a much larger segment of the debtor population.
Čeští a němečtí odborníci v oboru historie, sociální geografie, ekonomie, politologie, teologie a orientalistiky promluvili ve veřejné panelové diskusi „Uprchlíci a my: Česká očekávání a německá zkušenost“, kterou za účasti německého velvyslance Arndta Freiherra Freytaga von Loringhovena uspořádala Učená společnost ČR 19. dubna 2016 v budově Akademie věd ČR. Následná rozsáhlá debata prokázala velký zájem veřejnosti o tuto tematiku. Zveřejňujeme úvodní slovo prof. Jaroslava Pánka z Historického ústavu AV ČR v původním znění, které na diskusi muselo být vzhledem k omezenému času značně zkráceno. and Jaroslav Pánek.
Hans Kelsen was born in Prague towards the end of the nineteenth century. He finished high school(gymnasium) in Vienna with the general qualifications for university entrance (Matura). Studied at the Universityof Vienna, where he obrained his doctor’s degree, made his habilitation (qualification for teaching asdocent) and later was pointed Professor there.He was influential in the constitutional development of Austria from the monarchy to the republic and byhis methodology (self-styled “Pure theory of Law”) had a strong positivistic impact on the legal thinking inthe twentieth century.Kelsen was a legal scholar who passed from legal philosophy through the doctrine of state and law to internationallegal doctrine. He laid the basis for the judicial review of laws, regulations and other legal acts bya constitutional court. The political situation of the nineteen thirties and forties caused him to be on a constantmove. He taught law consecutively in Vienna, Cologne, Prague, Geneva, Harvard and Berkeley.
This text analyzes the issue of the Karaim emigrants in Czechoslovakia, which has thus far been unknown in Czech scholarly circles. The Karaims arrived here in the context of the extensive Russian emigration at the beginning of the 1920s.
a1_Studie usiluje souhrnně zmapovat hromadné pokusy občanů Německé demokratické republiky o emigraci na Západ prostřednictvím zastupitelských úřadů Spolkové republiky v hlavních městech socialistických zemí, především v Praze, východním Berlíně, Budapešti a Varšavě. Autor nastiňuje omezené možnosti a složitou situaci občanů, kteří žádali o trvalé vycestování z východního do západního Německa, a připomíná důležitou roli advokáta a Honeckerova pověřence pro humanitární otázky Wolfganga Vogela při zprostředkování těchto výjezdů a řešení krizových situací při pokusech o emigraci. Již roku 1984 se východoněmečtí uprchlíci ve větší míře uchylovali na zastupitelské úřady Spolkové republiky s cílem vynutit si emigraci. O pět let později uprchlická vlna dosáhla dosud nepředstavitelných rozměrů a jako jeden z faktorů významně přispěla k pádu komunistického režimu v NDR a potažmo ke konci existence východoněmeckého státu. Zlomovým momentem se stalo uvolnění hraničních kontrol a posléze otevření hranic mezi Maďarskem a Rakouskem během července až září 1989, jímž maďarská reformní vláda reagovala na stále rostoucí počet východoněmeckých uprchlíků v zemi. Honeckerovo vedení poté zamezilo cestování svých obyvatel do Maďarska, což však způsobilo masivní nápor tisíců uprchlíků na ambasády Spolkové republiky ve Varšavě, a zejména v Praze, kde v září nastala humanitární krize. Autor podrobně rekonstruuje vývoj těchto událostí včetně snahy zúčastněných stran o nalezení diplomatického řešení. Po nátlaku československého vedení Erich Honecker koncem měsíce ustoupil a smířil se s výjezdem několika tisíc uprchlíků z Prahy přes území NDR do Spolkové republiky., a2_Jeho následný pokus vyřešit stále naléhavější problém uzavřením hranic i s Československem ale selhal a naopak posílil odpor občanů proti jeho režimu. Honeckerův nástupce Egon Krenz byl nucen opět uvolnit cestování mezi oběma státy, a když počátkem listopadu 1989 umožnil občanům NDR vycestovat přes Československo na Západ pouze na občanský průkaz, stal se z Berlínské zdi nefunkční relikt končící studené války., b1_The article seeks to chart out comprehensively mass attempts by citizens of the German Democratic Republic to defect to the West by way of the diplomatic missions of the Federal Republic of Germany in the capital cities of the Socialist countries, chiefly Prague, East Berlin, Budapest, and Warsaw. The author outlines the limited possibilities and the complicated circumstances of citizens who applied to emigrate from East to West Germany, and he discusses the important role of the attorney Wolfgang Vogel, Honecker’s official representative for humanitarian questions, in mediating this migration, and in solving crises that emerged during attempts to leave. As early as 1984, many East German refugees sought asylum in the diplomatic missions of the Federal Republic of Germany with the aim of compelling their authorities to let them leave the country. Five years later, the wave of refugees reached hitherto unimaginable dimensions, and was one of the factors that markedly contributed to the collapse of the Communist régime in the German Democratic Republic and ultimately to the end of the existence of East Germany as a state. The breaking point was the relaxation of border controls and the eventual opening up of the Hungarian-Austrian frontier between July and September 1989, by which the Hungarian reformist government reacted to the ever-growing number of East German refugees in the country. After that, the Honecker leadership limited its citizens’ travelling to Hungary, which, however, led to a massive pressure by thousands of refugees on the embassies of the Federal Republic of Germany in Warsaw and especially in Prague, where, in September, a humanitarian crisis erupted. The author provides a detailed reconstruction of the course of these events, including attempts by the parties involved to find a diplomatic solution., b2_Under pressure from the Czechoslovak leadership, Erich Honecker, at the end of the month, gave in and reconciled himself to the departure of several thousand refugees from Prague via East German territory to the Federal Republic. His subsequent attempt to solve the increasingly urgent problem of closing the borders with Czechoslovakia as well, failed, however, and, by contrast, increased the East German citizens’ distaste for the régime. Honecker’s successor, Egon Krenz, was forced relax travel restrictions again between the two states. When, in early November 1989, he made it possible for citizens of the German Democratic Republic to travel to the West via Czechoslovakia with only their identity cards, the Berlin Wall became a non-functioning relic of the Cold War that was drawing to a close., Jakub Doležal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Pro šedesátá léta dvacátého století v Československu bylo mimo jiné příznačné postupné uvolňování pravidel v oblasti zahraničních vztahů, a to i vůči zemím tzv. kapitalistického tábora. Okupace Československa vojsky států Varšavské smlouvy v srpnu 1968 znamenala konec tohoto trendu a začátek vlny odchodů československých občanů, mezi nimiž nescházeli ani někteří významní pracovníci Československé akademie věd (ČSAV), do emigrace. Tato edice, která zpřístupňuje dokumenty ilustrující tři konkrétní lidské osudy, se soustředí na události let 1968-1970 a doplňuje problematiku zahraničních vztahů ČSAV v daném období o otázku dlouhodobých zahraničních pobytů zaměstnanců ČSAV jako faktoru, který v souvislosti se srpnovými událostmi a následným vývojem hrál významnou roli při rozhodování akademických pracovníků o odchodu do emigrace. and The gradual relaxation of rules on foreign relations was inter alia characteristic of 1960s Czechoslovakia even in relation to capitalist bloc countries. The occupation of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact state troops in August 1968 marked the end of that trend and the beginning of a wave of departures of Czechoslovak citizens, including some prominent CSAS staff members. This series, which presents documents illustrating three individual stories, focuses on events between 1968 and 1970 and adds the issue of long-term foreign stays of CSAS staff members to the issues surrounding CSAS foreign relations during this period as a factor which in the context of the August 1968 events and subsequent developments played a significant role in the decision-making of academic staff regarding emigation. (Translated by Melvyn Clarke.)
The aim of the work is to analyze the peculiarities of Ukrainian secondary education abroad in the 1920s and 1930s on the example of the Ukrainian secondary school („Ukrainian Gymnasium“) in Czechoslovakia. The analysis of features of the organization, methodological bases of educational work of the Gymnasium in Prague as a part of the general cultural and educational activity of the Ukrainian interwar emigration is carried out.
The war turned the Czechs living in France (i.e. the citizens of Austrian-Hungary) into the enemies of France. Formation of Nazdar, a Czech volunteer company within the French foreign legion, became a way out of the situation. It was the painter František Kupka who was the chief of the Paris colony from the beginning of 1915. The sculptor Otto Gutfreund took part in the “rebellion” of Czech volunteers against demeaning conditions in the legion. In 1916, he was sent to a concentration camp. The end of the war reached both artists as being rather sceptical. The war affected their private lives and artistic works, and formed their relation to the French and the domestic Czech environment after 1918. The contribution compares their individual choice in reaction to the makeshift arrangement as well as how they overcame the necessity to be soldiers. The text is based mainly on correspondence between both artists and other archival materials.