The effect of Cavalheiro's pilocarpine model of epileptogenesis upon conditioned taste aversion (CTA), an important example of nondeclarative memory, was studied in adult Long Evans rats. Deterioration of CTA was studied during the silent period between pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) and delayed spontaneous recurrent seizures. SE was elicited by i.p. injection of pilocarpine (320 mg/kg ) and interrupted after 2 hours by clonazepame (1 mg/kg i.p.). Peripheral cholinergic symptoms were suppressed by methylscopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p.), administered together with pilocarpine. CTA was formed against the salty taste of isotonic LiCl. In the experiment of CTA acquisition, the CTA was formed and tested during the silent period after SE. In the experiment of CTA retrieval, the CTA was acquired before SE and the retrieval itself was tested during the silent period. Retrieval of CTA acquired before SE was impaired more than the retrieval of CTA formed during the silent period. Our findings indicate that epileptic seizures can disrupt even non-declarative memory but that CTA formed by the damaged brain can use its better preserved parts for memory trace formation. Ketamine (50 mg/kg i.p.) applied 2 min after the onset of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus protected memory deterioration., J. Šroubek, J. Hort, V. Komárek, M. Langmeier, G. Brožek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE) resulted in delayed changes of single cortical in terhemisperic (transcallosal) responses in immature rats. Low-frequency stimulation inducing depression and/or potentiation was studied to analyze possible dynamic changes in cortical responses. Status was elicited in 12-day-old (SE12) or 25-day-old (SE25) rats. Control siblings received saline instead of pilocarpine. Interhemispheric responses were elicited by stimulation of the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex 3, 6, 9, 13, or 26 days after status. A series of 5 biphasic pulses with intensity equal to twofold threshold were used for stimulation. The interval between pulses was 100, 125, 160, 200 or 300 ms, eight responses were always averaged. Peak amplitude of the first positive, first negative and second positive waves was measured and responses to the second, third, fourth and fifth pulse were compared with the first one. Animals after status epilepticus as well as lithium-paraldehyde controls exhibit a frequency depression at nearly all the intervals studied. An outlined increase of responses in SE rats in comparison with the controls three days after SE stayed just below the level of statistical significance. In addition, animals in the SE12 group exhibited potentiation of responses at this interval after SE. With longer intervals after SE, the relation between SE and control animals changed twice resulting in a tendency to lower amplitude of responses in SE than in control rats 26 days after SE. Rats in the SE25 group exhibited higher responses than controls 13 days after status, but this difference was not present at the longest interval after SE. Low-frequency stimulation did not reveal increased cortical excitability as a long-lasting consequence of status epilepticus induced in immature rats. In addition, the outlined differences between SE and control rats changed with the time after SE., G. Tsenov, P. Mareš., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Záměr. Cílem práce je srovnání věrohodnosti nálezů neuropsychologického oslabení mezi skupinami nemocných epilepsií (ES) a osobami s psychogenními neepileptickými záchvaty (PNES). Současně článek přináší porovnání neuropsychologické výkonnosti obou skupin. Soubor a metody. Zařazeni byli pacienti hospitalizovaní k video-EEG monitoraci na epileptologické jednotce, u nichž bylo provedeno neuropsychologické vyšetření včetně WAIS-R a většinou také WMS-R. Sledováno bylo 86 pacientů posouzených jako ES a 23 pacientů hodnocených jako PNES. Pacienti byli posuzováni podle šesti kritérií snahy. Čtyři jsou odvozená od subtestu Opakování čísel z WAIS-R, jedno ze srovnání subtestů Slovník a Opakování čísel, a jedno ze srovnání Celkové paměti (MQ) a Pozornosti/ koncentrace podle WMS-R. Statistická analýza. Použita byla statistická dekripce, t-testy, Fischerův exaktní test a dvoucestná analýza variance ANOVA. Výsledky. Nedostatečná snaha (nevalidní odpovědi) se u ES vyskytovala podle různých kritérií od 3 do 34 %, u PNES od 4 do 43 %. Dvoucestná analýza variance nenašla rozdíly mezi ES a PNES. Výkonnost v neuropsychologických testech byla významně lepší u osob s dostatečnou snahou shodně jak u ES, tak u PNES. Neuplatňoval se ani vliv skupin pacientů, ani vliv interakce (skupina pacientů versus symptomová validita). Testování snahy (symptomové validity) při neuropsychologickém vyšetřování je důležité pro zlepšení kvality hodnocení. Jde o přístupy, které jsou v posledních letech doporučovány především v americké neuropsychologii a postupně začínají být akceptovány též v Evropě. Omezení studie. Nevýhodou je poměrně menší soubor nemocných s PNES., Purpose. The goal of the study is to compare the credibility of findings of neuropsychological impairment between the groups of epileptic patients and persons with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). The comparison of neuropsychological performance of both the groups is also presented. Sample and methods. The patients hospitalized to video-EEG monitoring at the epileptologic unit who passed the neuropsychological examination including WAIS-R and mostly also WMS-R were included into the study. 86 patients considered epileptic and 23 patients evaluated as PNES were examined. Patients were assessed according six effort criteria. Four of them are derived from the Digit span subtest from WAIS-R, one from the comparison of Vocabulary and Digit span subtests, and one from the comparison of general memory (MQ) and Attention/Concentration according to WMS-R. Statistical analysis. Statistical description, ttests, Fischer´s exact test, and two-way ANOVA were used. Results. Insufficient effort (non-valid responses) was found in epileptic patients according to different criteria from 3 to 34 %, in PNES from 4 to 43 %. Two-way ANOVA did not find the differences between epileptic patients and PNES. The performance in neuropsychological tests was significantly better in persons with sufficient effort in epileptic patients as well as in PNES. Neither the influence of group of patients nor the influence of interaction (group of patients vs. symptom validity) applied. The effort testing (symptom validity) during the neuropsychological examination is important for the improvement of the assessment quality. These approaches are recently recommended namely in American neuropsychology and they start to be gradually accepted also in Europe. Study limits. A relatively smaller sample of patients with PNES represents a disadvantage., Jan Preiss, Lenka Krámská, Zdeněk Vojtěch., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Distribution of LiCl/pilocarpine status epilepticus-induced neuronal damage was studied in the piriform cortex and in adjoining structures in 12-day-old, 25-day-old and adult rats. No distinct structural and neuronal alterations were detected in the basal telencephalon in 12-day-old rats surviving status epilepticus (SE) for one week or two months. In 25-day-old rats a decrease in Nissl staining was evident. There was also cell loss and gliosis in the caudal 2/3 of the piriform cortex, in the superficial amygdaloid nuclei, in the dorsal and ventral endopiriform nucleus and in the rostrolateral part of the entorhinal cortical area. In adult animals, the topography of neuropathological changes in the basal telencephalon was comparable to those in 25-day-old rats. The damage in the caudal 2/3 or caudal half of the piriform cortex in adult rats with survival times one week or two months was characterized by a marked loss of neurons and striking glial infiltration. The thickness of the piriform cortex and superficial amygdaloid nuclei was significantly reduced. In 25-day-old and in adult animals the sublayer IIb and layer III of the piriform cortex was more affected, while sublayer IIa was less damaged. Parvalbumin (PV) immunocytochemistry revealed a significant decrease in the number of PV-immunoreactive neurons in the rostral piriform cortex and in the dorsal claustrum in animals surviving for two months., R. Druga, H. Kubová, L. Suchomelová, R. Haugvicová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Epilepsie je složité neurologické onemocnění s mnoha projevy, jímž v České republice trpí na 80 tisíc lidí; v celosvětovém měřítku se toto číslo pohybuje kolem neuvěřitelných 50 milionů. V řadě případů je příčina neznámá. Pacienty však netrápí jen sama choroba a její příznaky - což nemusí být pouze záchvaty, ale také další projevy včetně úzkostí, deprese, poruch paměti, pozornosti, chování atd. Život jim ztěžuje též určitá stigmatizace, jelikož společnost stále ještě vnímá toto onemocnění značně nepříznivě. and Jana Olivová.
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission (Dingeldine et al. 1999). The high level of glutamatergic excitation allows the neonatal brain (the 2 nd postnatal week in rat) to develop quickly but it also makes it highly prone to age-specific seizures that can cause lifelong neurological and cognit ive disability (Haut et al. 2004). There are three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors (ligand-gated ion channels) named according to their prototypic agonists: N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) and kainate (KA). During early stages of postnatal development glutamate receptors of NMDA and AMPA type undergo intensive functional changes owing to modifications in their subunit composition (Carter et al. 1988, Watanabe et al. 1992, Monyer et al. 1994, Wenzel et al. 1997, Sun et al. 1998, Lilliu et al. 2001, Kumar et al. 2002, Matsuda et al. 2002, Wee et al. 2008, Henson et al. 2010, Pachernegg et al. 2012, Paoletti et al. 2013). Participation and role of these receptors in mechanisms of seizures and epilepsy became one of the main targets of intensive investigation (De Sarro et al. 2005, Di Maio et al. 2012, Rektor 2013). LiCl/Pilocarpine (LiCl/Pilo) induced status epilepticus is a model of severe seizures resulting in development temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This review will consider developmental changes and contribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors in LiCl/Pilo model of status epilepticus in immature rats., E. Szczurowska, P. Mareš., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Psychogenní neepileptické záchvaty jsou důležitou diferenciálně diagnostickou kategorií farmakorezistentních epilepsií. I přesto, že prvotní úlohu má vyšetření neurologické, zejména video EEG, psychologické vyšetření nemocných patří k diagnostickému standardu. Svými závěry může přinést ke globálnímu posouzení každého pacienta mnoho důležitých informací, které směřují k adekvátní následné léčbě. V tomto sdělení je věnována pozornost diferenciální diagnostice obou skupin záchvatů, faktorům a principům vzniku psychogenních záchvatů a aktuálním trendům psychologické a neuropsychologické diagnostiky včetně jejich limitů v podobě falešně pozitivní diagnostiky.