Karcinom žaludku je ve světě druhou nejčastější příčinou úmrtí na malignitu. V rámci jednotlivých stadií může být prognóza nádoru velmi rozdílná, proto se zájem onkologů upíná k hledání nových prognostických a prediktivních markerů, jako je např. HER-2/neu (HER2). Po jeho stimulaci dochází k nastartování signální dráhy, vedoucí ke zvýšené proliferaci, zablokování apoptózy, ztrátě diferenciace a zvýšení invazivity nádoru. HER2 je negativním prognostickým faktorem, sdruženým s vyšší invazivitou, postižením serózy, metastazováním do uzlin a kratším přežitím, i negativním prediktivním faktorem a cílem pro biologickou léčbu trastuzumabem. Existují dvě metody detekce HER2 – imunohistochemie (IHC) a in situ hybridizace (ISH). Pozitivita HER2 se u karcinomu žaludku pohybuje v rozmezí 6,8–34 % (průměrně 17,6 %) při stanovení IHC, resp. 7,1–42,6 % (průměrně 19,2 %) pomocí ISH. HER2 je častěji přítomen v intestinálním, než v difuzním typu karcinomu. Při stanovení HER2 platí některá specifika – za pozitivní považovány jak buňky s kompletní, tak s pouze bazolaterální expresí proteinu, vzhledem k častěji nehomogenní expresi je dolní hranice v resekátech 10 % pozitivních buněk, ale u endobioptických vzorků je vyžadována přítomnost alespoň jedné skupiny barvících se (2+ nebo 3+) neoplastických buněk., Gastric carcinoma is the second cause of cancer related death worldwide. Prognosis significantly varies among patients within the same stage, therefore oncologists urge for identification of new prognostic and predictive markers, such as HER-2/neu (HER2). Stimulation of HER2 triggers molecular pathway resulting in increased proliferation, blocked apoptosis, loss of differentiation and increased tumor invasion. HER2 is a negative prognostic factor, associated with increased invasiveness, serosal involvement, lymph-node metastases and shorter survival, as well as a negative predictive marker and target for trastuzumab treatment. There are two methods of HER2 detection – immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridisation (ISH). Positivity of HER2 in gastric cancer ranges from 6,8 to 34 % (mean 17,6 %) in IHC detection, and 7,1–42,6 % (mean 19,2 %) in ISH detection, respectively. HER2 is more often positive in intestinal than in diffuse type. HER2 detection in gastric carcinoma shows certain specific features – positive cells show either complete or incomplete basolateral (Ushaped) membranous expression. Due to more frequent inhomogenity of tumor population, the threshold has been set at 10 % of positive cells in resection specimens, but even one cohesive cluster of positive (2+ or 3+) neoplastic cells is sufficient in biopsy samples., Aleš Ryška, Tomáš Rozkoš, Jan Laco, and Lit.: 24
The Purpose of the study: define the indications and contraindications to, combined operation in locally invasive tumor of the rectum. The Material and methods of the study: we have analysed results combined operation in cancer of the rectum with germination in genital organs, performed in department of coloproctology in National Oncological Scientific centre during 20052009 years. Under observation were 118 women at age from 21 to 68 years. This before 45 years 26 patients, from 46 to 59 years 54 patients, 60 and above years. The Results and their discussion: Postoperative complications suppurativeinflammatory character appeared beside 36 patients (30,5%), most of all after abdomeno perineal extirpation of rectum (35,5%) and abdominoanal resection of the rectum (33,3%). In lesser extend after front resection of the rectum and after operation Hartman (28,5% and 22,7%). The General lethality has formed 3,4%, have died after combined operation 4 patients from 118 operated patients. The Conclusion: thereby, brought data evident that such important factors, as frequency of the origin relapse (28%), 5year probability of survival (37,1%), under combined interference and operation of the standard volume in the cancer of the rectum practically the same., H. B. Bobokulov, A. M. Hakimov, and Literatura
The Material of the study has formed 78 sick, found on stationary treatment in Republican Scientific Centre Coloproktologii since 1992 on 2010. As it is seen, from table, from 78 sick mans was 58(74,3%), womans 20(25,7%). 19(24,3), sick were at age from 15 before 20 years, 49(60,2%) at age from 21 before 40 years and 13 (16,6%) sick from 41 before 60 years. The Main complaint sick at arrival were a stubborn constipations, which noted beside 70 (89,7%) sick, including absence of the independent chair existed beside 55(70,5%), but beside 54(69,2%) sick were noted periodic stomachache, growing on measure of the absence of the chair. The Ballooned belly existed beside all 78 (100%) sick moreover beside 20(25,6%) of them flatulence was constant. The Sickness and retching existed beside 24(30,7%), weakness, reduction to capacity to work beside 52(66,6%), increasing of the temperature of the body beside 10(12,8%), paradoxical diarrhoeas beside 6(7,6%) sick. Endoskopicheskiy method (rectoromonoscopy, colonoscopy) turned out to be else less informations 51,8% coincidences of the diagnosis. So we biopsy on Svensonu executed beside all sick, entered with suspicion on disease Girshprunga. In our observations from 78 sick beside 42(53,8,1%) were aboveanalni, beside 20(25,6%) sick rectalis, beside 13(16,6%)rectosigmoideys , beside 2(2,5%) leftside and beside 1(1,2%) sick subtotalis form hipoganglios. At biopsies on Svensonu on observations, from 78 sick, beside 44(56,4%) is revealled hipoganglios, but beside 35(44,8%) аganglios rectum. As can be seen from presented tables, from 78 sick beside 68(87,2%) us is executed onemoments radical operation, 10(12,8%) sick is as far as possible made resection hipoor aganglionarnaya of the zone, decompensate part of the large intestine and is formed colostomy. In all events at operations. The Remote results executed radical operation on cause disease Girshprunga traced from 1 before 10 years beside 57(73%) sick. The Results of the surgical treatment were valued on scale Vezika: good, satisfactory and unsatisfactory. In our observations beside 46(80,7%) sick results came in well, beside 10(17,5%) satisfactory and beside 1(1,8%) sick was an unsatisfactory result., Mirzahmedov M. M., Ahmedov M. A., Sapaev D. A., and Literatura
Importance: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma remains a topical issue of Clinical Oncology. More than 80% of cases hepatocellular carcinoma develops in the presence of liver cirrhosis. These patients are doomed, many clinics they held only symptomatic treatment and life expectancy of patients is not more than 6 months. The main reason for the refusal of surgeons and Chemotherapeutists of treatment is associated cirrhosis. Purpose: To improve results of surgical treatment of liver cancer developed on cirrhosis Materials and methods: We analyzed the immediate results of treatment of 12 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma developed on a background of liver cirrhosis. From the large size of the tumor and associated liver cirrhosis, these patients the first stage of oil produced by hepatic artery chemoembolization of the affected lobe of the liver tumor. After 2 3 weeks performed liver resection. Results: After analyzing the results, we concluded: chemoembolization reduces tumor volume and weight, increases the physiological regeneration of hepatocytes unaffected tumor fraction, improves functional performance of the liver and does not affect the frequency and severity of postoperative complications., Juraev M.D., Nematov O.N., Yusupbekov A.A., and Literatura
Aim of investigation: to study immediate and remote results of standard and extended lymphodissection in patients with rectal cancer. Material and methods: 132 patients with rectal cancer were performed radical surgery with lymphodissection in D2 and D3 volume according to a height of tumor location. In immediate postoperated period there were noted complications in 4 patients that made up 3,03%. Observation time was 5 years. Tumor recurrence was reported in 5 patients (3,8%). In remote period metastases were revealed in 8 patients (6,6%). 5year total survival rate was 78,5±4,2% at stage II. 5year total survival rate was 56,4±3,7% at stage III. Comparing the results of standard and extended lymphodissection it was noted statistically authentic increase of 5 year survival rate in patients at stage III. Obtained data allow to come to the conclusion about reasonability of performance of different variants of lymphodissection for patients with rectal cancer at stages II and III., Navruzov S. N., Abdujapparov S. B., Akbarov E. T., Navruzov B. S., Islamov H. D., and Literatura
To improve the results of radiotherapy for cervical cancer used local and systemic radiomodification drugs. Materials and methods: 1984 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (2b 3a stage), which at one stage of complex treatment by a course indoarterial of regional longterm polychemotherapy (EARDPHT) mode: methotrexate 50 mg/m2, the first 12 hours, fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2, over the next 12 hours and cisplatin 100 mg/m2, for 48 hours, 2 stage surgical treatment in the volume expanding hysterectomy 3 type (modification of Wertheim Meigs). Results: The results of treatment of locally cervical cancer using VADRPHT, depending on the unilateral and bilateral tumor invasion in parametrial tissue showed that under unilateral lesion of parametrium results of treatment were higher than for the bilateral involvement of parametrium. Medical pathomorphosis in tumors of different severity was observed in 86.9% of patients, metastasis to regional lymph nodes were detected in 36% of operated patients, and also studied the degree of therapeutic pathomorphosis in lymph nodes. There was revealed that the complete regression of tumors, 5 year survival rate is 98%, whereas in tumor regression of more than 50% of the original volume 78.5%, with stabilization of tumor no more than 58.4%. Conclusion: The study of molecularbiological parameters of the tumor cells show the effectiveness of conducted neoadvent indoarterial chemotherapy and play an important role in further treatment and prediction of disease., Navruzova V. S., Yuldasheva N. Sh., and Literatura
The article analyses a surgical treatment of 506 patients taking inpatient treatment in the Center for colon proctology. All the patients underwent a comprehensive examination including radiological and tool test methods in addition to conventional clinical and laboratory ones. On the basis of the complex study, indications, volume and terms of surgery performance were determined. Performance of preand postoperative management of patients is substantiated in details. Postoperatively, 28 (5.5%) had postoperative wound pyesis in the region of the previous colostomy. In the postoperative period 2 (0.4%) deaths of patients were caused with peritonitis which occurred due to incompetence of anastomosis sutures. Rehabilitation of stomed patients is one of challenges in colorectal surgery. Positive results treatment can be obtained only at carrying out of a comprehensive outpatient and inpatient preoperative preparation including recommendations in diet, colostome care, hydrogymnastics of the disconnected part of the intestine and prevention of infectious complications., Isakulov T. U., Mamatkulov Sh. М., Rahmanov S.T., Matkarimov S. R., and Literatura
Vztahy mezi všeobecnými sestrami a lékaři jsou zejména v posledních letech předmětem zvýšeného zájmu. Existující problémy lze na jedné straně vyjádřit jako specifický odraz strukturálních změn ve společnosti jako celku, na druhé straně jako odraz změn v systému zdravotní péče. Ve zdravotnictví vyspělých zemí dochází ke změně společenského postavení všeobecných sester a lékařů. Všeobecné sestry získávají vyšší vzdělání, další kompetence a zvyšují si své postavení v současném systému zdravotní péče. Bez řádně provedených empirických výzkumů nelze všeobecně hovořit o napětí nebo až konfliktnosti ve vztahu lékař –všeobecná sestra. Na základě reprezentativního výzkumu lékařů a všeobecných sester v České republice bylo cílem zjistit názory (v daném článku lékařů) na problematiku vzájemných vztahů, předávání si kompetencí, společně s řešením konfliktů ve vzájemném vztahu. Na závěr článku (viz příloha) je vytvořena strategie k podpoře týmové spolupráce sester a lékařů., Recently, the relationships between nurses and doctors have become the centre of attention. On one hand, the existing problems can be expressed as a specific reflection of structural changes in the society; on the other hand, they reflect the changes in the health care system. In the developed countries, the social status of general nurses and doctors has been changing. Nurses obtain higher education and competences and improve their position in the current health care system. The expressions “stressful” or even “conflicting” relationships between doctors and nurses should not be used without a reliable previous empiric research. On the basis of a representative research performed on doctors (in the particular article, performed by doctors), the opinions on the problems of mutual relationships, delegation of the competences and dealing with conflicts of the mutual relationships was searched. In the conclusion of the article, a strategy to support the team cooperation of doctors and nurses was developed (see Appendix)., Sylva Bártlová, and Lit.: 9
Kombinace chemoterapie a rituximabu je v současné době standardní léčbou 1. linie většiny B-ne-Hodgkinových lymfomů. Přestože je u většiny pacientů touto léčbou dosaženo kompletní nebo parciální remise, u cca 30 % pacientů s agresivními lymfomy a u většiny nemocných s pokročilými stadii indolentních lymfomů onemocnění následně relabuje. Jednou z možností, jak zajistit prodloužení bezpříznakového období u pacientů s lymfomy, je podávání udržovací terapie monoklonální protilátkou anti-CD20 – rituximabem. Cílem publikace je shrnout poznatky a možnosti udržovací terapie lymfomů rituximabem v roce 2010 u jednotlivých histologických typů lymfomů, a to jak z hlediska v současné době již klinicky ověřených indikací, tak i výhledů do budoucna, včetně možných rizik této léčby., Rituximab in combination with chemotherapy is considered a standard treatment approach for first line setting in most of non- Hodgkin´s lymphomas. Although most patients can reach complete of partial remission after this treatment, about 30 % of patients with aggressive lymphoma and almost all patients with advanced stage indolent lymphomas inevitably develop a relaps. The maintenance therapy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, represents one of the options how to extend disease-free interval in lymphoma patients. The aim of this article is to summarize information about the rituximab maintenance therapy of lymphoma, with respect to the current approved indications as well as to future directions, including potentially risks of this approach., David Belada, and Lit.: 22
Pemetrexed představuje prvního zástupce z nové skupiny antifolátů – MTA (multi target antifolate). Klinické studie jednoznačně prokázaly jeho vysokou účinnost v léčbě NSCLC, a to jak v I. tak i ve II. linii a v udržovací léčbě při nízkém výskytu nežádoucích účinků. Jako u prvního cytostatika byla u něj prokázána souvislost účinnosti s histologickým typem nádoru, takže není indikován u nemocných s dlaždicobuněčným NSCLC. Nemocným je podáván v rámci komplexních onkologických center., Pemetrexed represents the first member of the novel class of antifolates – MTA (multitargeted antifolate). Clinical trials have clearly demonstrated its high efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC, both in the first-line and second-line setting as well as in maintenance therapy, with a low rate of adverse effects. It is the first cytostatic drug whose efficacy has been shown to be related to the histological type of tumour; therefore, it is not indicated in patients with squamous-cell NSCLC. Patients receive it during treatment at major cancer centres., František Salajka, and Lit.: 12