V přehledu jsou popisovány aerobní fyzickou aktivitou indukované změny lipidů. Tyto výsledky srovnáváme se skupinou 25 netrénovaných dobrovolníků, kteří docházeli po dobu 3 měsíců do rekondičního centra 1. LF UK. Byl prokázán signifikantní pokles nejen triglyceridů a HDL-cholesterolu, ale i aterosklerotického indexu. Nezaznamenali jsme signifikantní změny LDL-cholesterolu a celkového cholesterolu. Aerobní fyzickou aktivitou lze docílit změny lipidogramu v našich podmínkách i u osob s vysokou hmotností. Na indikaci pravidelné fyzické aktivity obézních by nemělo být v praxi zapomínáno., Zuzana Stránská, M. Matoulek, P. Fábin, and Lit. 22
Tento článek pojednává o problému cetérů nedaří zastavit. Přitom důsledky obezity jsou značné: zhoršování zdravotního stavu a ekonomické ztráty. V poslední 40 letech došlo ke znatelnému pokroku ve vývoji teoretických poznatků o obezitě. Významným posunem je to, že obezita začala být nahlížena jako komplexní a dynamický problém, který je výsledkem působení mnoha faktorů, z nichž mnohé byly a stále jsou opomíjeny (zejména socioenvironmentální faktory) a přetrvává zažitý biomedicínský přístup, který neřeší problém jako celek a nepřináší tak žádné zlepšení. Je tedy nutné, aby tvůrci politik začaly tyto nové poznatky reflektovat, aby došlo k revizi dosavadních postupů řešení problému obezity a aby byl problém řešen systémově, tj. cestou víceúrovňové a víceoborové spolupráce se zapojením širokého okruhu aktérů i ze strany soukromého a občanského sektoru., This article deals with a problem of worldwide obesity epidemic, whose growing trend over considerable endeavour of many participants goes badly to a stop. Withal consequences of obesity are considerable: worsening of health and economic waste. In last 40 years it has come to a considerable progress in the development of theoretical knowledge in obesity. There is a significant shift: the obesity has begun to be regarded as a complex dynamic problem, which results from the coincidence of many factors, from which many of them have been neglected (especially socio-environmental factors), and there still persists the biomedical approach, which does not solve the problem as a whole and therefore brings no improvement. It is necessary, that the policy makers begin to reflect these new knowledge, that the present practices of solving the problem of obesity is being revised, and that the problem is being solved en route of systems- oriented multilevel and multi-sector cooperation with involvement of wide range of actors also from the private and civil sector., Kristýna Přibylová, and Literatura
Výzkum se dnes široce zabývá tématem společného výskytu kardiovaskulárních onemocnění a deprese. Zvažuje různé aspekty, mezi nimiž je i pátrání po tom, zda existuje příčinná souvislost mezi depresí a kardiovaskulárními onemocněními nebo zda má deprese vliv na horší rekonvalescenci pacientů po infarktu myokardu a na vyšší výskyt komplikací. Deprese je spojována s výskytem komorbidit, jako je metabolický syndrom nebo diabetes mellitus. Určitou roli může hrát také horší funkce autonomního nervového systému nebo nezdravý životní styl. Deprese se vyskytuje u pacientů po infarktu myokardu ve větší míře než u normální populace a je považována za rizikový faktor, který zhoršuje prognózu pacienta. Proto je důležité se zaměřit na skríning deprese a případně i anxiety u těchto pacientů, tyto u nich včas odhalit a zajistit optimální léčbu., Researchers currently focus on a wide range of aspects associated with coincidence of cardiovascular diseases and depression. These include a search for a possible causal link between depression and coexisting cardiovascular disorder as well as the association between depression and poorer recovery after myocardial infarction or higher complication rate. Major depression is connected with comorbidities such as the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Impaired autonomous nerve system function and unhealthy lifestyle can also play their role. Depression is more frequent in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and is considered a major risk factor of poorer prognosis. It is undoubtedly important to screen this patient group for both depression and anxiety so that appropriate treatment can be initiated if needed. Key words: myocardial infarction – major depression – coronary artery disease The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and N. Hudáková, P. Kala, M. Šebo, L. Ustohal, T. Kašpárek, J. Kaňovský
Elevated levels of glucocorticoids lead to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Local glucocorticoid levels are regulated through the enzyme 11 β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11 β -HSD 1), an enzyme that regenerates active cortisol from inert cortis one. Increased expression of 11 β - HSD 1 in adipose tissue promotes higher body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Human 11 β - HSD 1 is also responsible for inter-conversion of 7-hydroxylate metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone (7-OH-DHEA) to their 7-oxo-form. To better understanding the mechanism of the action, we focused on 7-OH- and 7-ox o-DHEA, and their circulating levels during the reductive treatment in adolescent obese patients. We determined plasma levels of 7 α -OH-DHEA, 7 β -OH- DHEA, and 7-oxo-DHEA in 55 adolescent patients aged 13.04- 15.67 years, BMI greater than 90 th percentile. Samples were collected before and after one month of reductive therapy. Circulating levels of 7 α -OH-DHEA decreased during the reductive therapy from 1.727 (1.614; 1.854 , transformed mean with 95 % confidence interval) to 1.530 nm ol/l (1.435; 1.637, p<0.05) in girls and from 1.704 (1.583; 1. 842) to 1.540 nmol/l (1.435; 1.659, p<0.05) in boys. With regard to the level of 7-oxo-DHEA, a significant reduction from 1. 132 (1.044; 1.231) to 0.918 nmol/l (0.844; 1.000, p<0.05) was found after the treatment, but only in boys. No significant difference in 7 β -OH-DHEA levels was observed. In conclusions, diminished levels of 7 α -OH-DHEA indicate its possible effect on activity of 11 β -HSD 1. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether competitive substrates for 11 β -HSD 1 such as 7 α -OH-DHEA could inhibit production of glucocorticoids and may be involved in metabolic processes leading to reduction of obesity., L. Máčová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The relationship between obesity and renal lesions, especially in low estrogen levels, has been less documented. The aim of this study was to assess the renal changes in diet-induced obesity in ovariectomized rats. Wistar rats were ovariectomized or shamoperated and divided into four groups: sham-operated rats fed a standard diet (SSD); ovariectomized rats fed a standard diet (OSD); sham-operated rats fed a high-fat diet (SHFD); ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet (OHFD). Body weight and blood pressure were measured weekly. The rats were killed 24 weeks after initiation of standard or high-fat diet treatment, the kidneys were removed for immunohistochemical and histological studies. Blood and urine samples were collected to quantify sodium, potassium and creatinine. OHFD rats presented increases in visceral adipose tissue, serum insulin levels, blood pressure and proteinuria, and a decrease in fractional excretion of sodium as well. Histological and morphometric studies showed focal alterations in the renal cortex. Expression of macrophages, lymphocytes, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B), Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), angiotensin II (ANG II) and vimentin was greater in OHFD rats than in control rats. Thus, these results demonstrate that the high-fat diet in ovariectomized rats promoted renal function and structure changes, renal interstitial infiltration of mononuclear cells and increased expression of ANG II and NF-κB., L. S: B. Amaral, J. A. Silva, T. M. Trindade, W. B. D. Ribas, C. L. Macedo, T. M. Coimbra, N. O. Belo, A. C. M. Magalhães, T. J. Soares., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a novel adipokine which might be involved in the development of insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of RBP4 mRNA in subcutaneous and visceral fat depots and the relationship between RBP4 plasma and mRNA levels relative to indices of adiposity and insulin resistance. In 59 Caucasian women (BMI 20 to 49 kg/m2 ) paired samples of subcutaneous and visceral fat were obtained for RBP4, leptin and GLUT 4 mRNA analysis using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and computed tomography scans were performed. RBP4 mRNA levels as well as GLUT 4 mRNA and leptin mRNA levels were lower (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) in visceral compared to subcutaneous fat. No differences were found in RBP4 mRNA expression in the two fat depots or in RBP4 plasma levels between subgroups of non-obese subjects (n=26), obese subjects without metabolic syndrome (n=17) and with metabolic syndrome (n=16). No correlations between RBP4 mRNA or plasma levels relative to adiposity, glucose disposal rate and GLUT 4 mRNA expression in adipose tissue were found. There was a weak positive correlation between plasma RBP4 and plasma triglycerides (r = 0.30, p<0.05) and between plasma RBP4 and blood glucose (r = 0.26, p<0.05). Regardless of the state of adiposity or insulin resistance, RBP4 expression in humans was lower in visceral than in subcutaneous fat. We found no direct relationship between either RBP4 mRNA or its plasma levels and the adiposity or insulin resistance. and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate in both developed and developing countries. Obesity is a chronic complex disease of multifactorial origin resulting from a long-term positive energy balance, in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. Genetically prone individuals are the first to accumulate fat in the present obesogenic environment. Obesity increases the risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, arthritis, and several cancers and reduces the average life expectancy. Implementation of effective strategies in prevention and management of obesity should be come an important target in health care systems. Weight changes throughout life depend on the interaction of behavioral, genetic and environmental factors. Weight loss in response to weight management shows a wide range of interindividual variation which is largely influenced by genetic determinants. The strong control of weight loss by genotype was confirmed by twin and family studies. Recently, special attention has been paid to nutritional, hormonal, psychobehavioral and genetic factors which can predict the response to weight reduction programme. In this article currently available data on the role of obesity candidate gene polymorphisms in weight loss and maintenance are reviewed. It is believed that an elucidation of the genetic component in the prognosis of weight management could assist in the development of more effective and individually tailored therapeutic strategies., V. Hainer, H. Zamrazilová, J. Spálová, I. Hainerová, M. Kunešová, B. Aldhoon, B. Bendlová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Je rozdiel v sérovej hladine retinol-binding proteinu 4 (RBP4) medzi obéznymi s inzulínovou rezistenciou (IR) bez diabetu voči obéznym s diabetom 2. typu (DM2T) liečených metformínom a neobéznymi zdravými? Metodika: 28 obéznym s inzulínovou rezistenciou, 11 diabetikom 2. typu liečených metformínom a 17 kontrolám sa metódou RIA vyšetrila sérová hladina retinol-binding proteinu 4. Výsledky sa porovnali v rámci skupín a RBP4 sa v skupine s IR a v kontrolnej skupine koreloval s inzulínom. Výsledky: Najvyššiu hladinu RBP4 (561,6 ? 209 ng/ml) mali obézni s IR (IR HOMA 3,9) a najnižšiu obézni diabetici typu 2 liečení metformínom (391,1 ? 133,5 ng/ml; p < 0,01). Kontrolná skupina mala signifikantne nižšiu hladinu RBP4 voči obéznym s IR (452,8 ? 104,6 ng/ml; p < 0,05), ale nesignifikantne vyššiu voči obéznym jedincom s DM2T liečených metformínom (391,1 ? 133,5 ng/ml). RBP4 v sledovanej skupine koreloval s inzulínom r = 0,46 (p < 0,03). Záver: Zvýšenie RBP4 u obéznych cestou spätnej regulácie GLUT4 v adipocytoch prispieva k rozvoju a k zhoršeniu systémovej IR metformín vplyvom na expresiu RBP4 v adipocytoch môže u obéznych aj s MS zlepšovať celkovú inzulínovú senzitivitu a spomaliť nástup manifestného DM. RBP4 by mohol slúžiť aj ako marker zhoršujúcej sa tolerancie glukózy u obéznych., Mária Tajtáková, Z. Semanová, G. Ivančová, and Lit. 26
Recent studies have demonstrated that adipocyte fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to assess serum FABP levels in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before and after 3 months of treatment with PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate (F) and to explore the relationship of FABP to biochemical parameters and measures of insulin sensitivity assessed by hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp. We measured biochemical parameters by standard laboratory methods, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp and serum concentrations of FABP by commercial ELISA kit in 11 obese females with T2DM before and after three months of treatment with PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate and in 10 lean healthy control women (C). Serum FABP levels were 2.5-fold higher in T2DM group relative to C and were not affected by fenofibrate treatment (C: 20.6±2.1 μg/l, T2DM before F: 55.6±5.7 μg/l, T2DM after F: 54.2±5.4 μg/l, p<0.0001 for C vs. T2DM before F). Hyperinsulinemia during the clamp significantly suppressed FABP levels in both C and T2DM group. FABP levels positively correlated with BMI, triglyceride levels, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, atherogenic index and insulin levels. An inverse relationship was found between FABP and HDL levels, metabolic clearance rate of glucose, M/I and MCRglc/I sensitivity indexes. We conclude that FABP levels are closely related to BMI, parameters of insulin sensitivity, HDL levels and measures of diabetes compensation. This combination makes FABP a valuable marker of metabolic disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus., M. M. Haluzík ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Omentin is a novel adipokine with insulin-sensitizing effects expressed predominantly in visceral fat. We investigated serum omentin levels and its mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of 11 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 37 obese non-diabetic women (OB) and 26 healthy lean women (C) before and after various weight loss interventions: 2-week very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), 3-month regular exercise and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). At baseline, both T2DM and OB groups had decreased serum omentin concentrations compared with C group while omen tin mRNA expression in SCAT did not significantly differ among the groups. Neither VLCD nor exercise significantly affected serum omentin concentrations and its mRNA expression in SCAT of OB or T2DM group. LSG significantly increased serum omen tin levels in OB group. In contrast, omentin mRNA expression in SCAT was significantly reduced after LSG. Baseline fasting serum omentin levels in a combined group of the studied subjects (C, OB, T2DM) negatively correlated with BMI, CRP, insulin, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and leptin and we re positively related to HDL- cholesterol. Reduced circulating omentin levels could play a role in the etiopathogenesis of obesity and T2DM. The increase in circulating omentin levels and the decrease in omentin mRNA expression in SCAT of obese women after LSG might contribute to surgery-induced metabolic improvements and sustained reduction of body weight., M. Urbanová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy