Short-term thymectomized (two months after thymectomy) adult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) infected with the flagellate Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951 responded well during primary infection with C. salmositica and recovered fish also showed secondary response (rapid production of complement fixing antibody after homologous challenge) five months after recovery. Complement fixing antibody was detected during primary and secondary responses and the titres of complement fixing antibody in thymectomized fish were significantly lower than those in infected intact fish. The parasitaemia in thymectomized infected fish was significantly lower than in intact infected fish. Both recovered thymectomized fish and intact fish were protected from cryptobiosis when they were challenged. Similarly, long-term thymectomized fish (nine months after thymectomy) vaccinated with an attenuated strain of C. salmositica were protected from cryptobiosis. There were no significant difference (P > 0.05) in parasitaemia, packed cell volume and complement fixing antibody titres between vaccinated/challenged thymectomized and vaccinated/challenged intact fish. Hence, thymectomy in adult rainbow trout did not decrease the detectable complement fixing antibody against C. salmositica in long-term thymectomized fish but reduced the detectable protective antibody in short-term thymectomized fish.
The elastase, which belongs to the serine protease family, hydrolyses various proteins and may be involved in the parasite invasion. In this study, complete sequence of elastase-1 (TsE) the nematode Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) was cloned into the plasmid pcDNA3.1 as TsE DNA vaccine. After intramuscular vaccination, serum anti-Trichinella antibodies (IgG and subclass IgG1/IgG2a, and IgA), total and specific intestinal mucosal sIgA in mice vaccinated with pcDNA3.1/TsE were measured by ELISA. The results showed that vaccination with pcDNA3.1/TsE induced a systemic humoral immune response (high levels of serum IgG and subclass IgG1/IgG2a and IgA) and local intestinal mucosal immune responses (high levels of TsE-specific sIgA). Vaccination of mice with TsE DNA vaccine also triggered a systemic and local concomitant Th1/Th2 response, as demonstrated by significant elevation of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) / Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine levels after the spleen, mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patch cells from vaccinated mice were stimulated with recombinant TsE (rTsE). The vaccination of mice with pcDNA3.1/TsE displayed a 17% reduction of intestinal adult worms and a 39% reduction of muscle larvae. Our results indicated that TsE DNA vaccine elicited a systemic concomitant Th1/Th2 response and an enteral local sIgA response, and produced a partial protection against infection with T. spiralis. The TsE may be regarded as a potential candidate vaccine target against Trichinella infection. The oral polyvalent vaccines should be developed to improve the protective efficacy of anti-Trichinella vaccines.
This paper proposes a deterministic model for the spread of an epidemic. We extend the classical Kermack-McKendrick model, so that a more general contact rate is chosen and a vaccination added. The model is governed by a differential equation (DE) for the time dynamics of the susceptibles, infectives and removals subpopulation. We present some conditions on the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the nonlinear DE. The existence of limits and uniqueness of maximum of infected individuals are also discussed. In the final part, simulations, numerical results and comparisons of the different vaccination strategies are presented.
Československo resp. Česká republika má dlouholetou tradici v oblastech očkování, přičemž míra proočkovanosti v současné době dosahuje 98-99 %. Zákon zároveň ukládá povinnost podrobení se očkování všem jedincům žijícím na území České republiky. Z hlediska zákona je člověk, který odmítá očkování svého dítěte, v pozici občana/ky dopouštějící/ho se přestupku a ohrožující/ho ochranu veřejného zdraví. Přestože je mnoha odborníky/cemi očkování považováno za jeden z největších úspěchů medicíny, ne všichni členové/ky české společnosti nahlížejí na povinné očkování jako na jednoznačné pozitivum. Tento text se zaměřuje na problematiku kritiky očkování v České republice perspektivou rodičů, kteří takovýto postoj zaujímají. Cílem tohoto textu je představit sociodemografické charakteristiky rodičů, kteří se kriticky staví k očkování, a zároveň diskurzy, které při své argumentaci mobilizují. Text vychází z dotazníkového šetření mezi rodiči, kteří kriticky vystupují vůči praxi očkování. Dotazník byl umístěn na webových stránkách občanského sdružení Rozalio, které představuje nejvýraznější a největší organizaci sdružující rodiče kritické k praxi povinného očkování v ČR. Šetření se zúčastnilo 372 respondentů/tek. Rodiče v dotazníku dostali rovněž prostor vlastními slovy vyjádřit své postoje k očkování a důvody, které je vedly k jeho odmítání či kritice., a1_The Czech Republic and its predecessor, Czechoslovakia, have a long-term tradition of immunization programmes, with a current coverage rate of 98-99%. Vaccination is mandated by law to all individuals living in the territory of the Czech Republic. In legal terms, a person who refuses to have their child vaccinated commits an administrative offence against public health. While many experts consider immunization as one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine, some members of Czech society do not regard compulsory vaccination as a clearly positive phenomenon. This paper focuses on parents’ critical perspectives on immunization in the Czech Republic. Its goal is to present the sociodemographic characteristics of parents with critical attitudes to immunization as well as the argumentative discourses they mobilize. The text is based on a questionnaire survey of parents who are active critics of immunization practice. The questionnaire was published at the website of Rozalio, a leading NGO that mobilizes parents against the practice of compulsory vaccination in the Czech Republic. 372 respondents participated in the survey. Open-ended questions were used to invite the parents to share their attitudes on vaccination and their motivations to refuse or critique the practice. The paper starts by presenting a sociodemographic profile of the parents who participated in the questionnaire survey. The quantitative data presented are not representative and rather provide us with general hints to better understand who the parents against vaccination are. The results indicate that critical debates on the practice of compulsory vaccination are primarily attended by better-educated women living in different parts of the Czech Republic. Subsequently, the central part of the analysis deals with the respondents´ answers to open-ended questions about their motivations to refuse/postpone vaccination. Three distinct ways the parents framed their critical attitudes to vaccination were identified in the analysis. The most salient frame, „biomedical discourse of risk“, exploited the concepts and principles of biomedicine but deviated from the dominant interpretation of immunization as public good, instead emphasizing related individual risks. As opposed to the concept of collective immunity as one of the pillars of general immunization policies and epidemiologic discourses, the parents emphasized the need to take an individual approach and personalize the risk. The second frame, „discourse of holistic health“, was much less salient. Referring to the principles of holistic medicine, it emphasized the role of lifestyle at the expense of medical control of the body. Finally, „activist discourse“ was another less frequently mentioned frame. It argued against vaccination as part of a more general critique of the ways the health care system operates and government interferes with individual freedoms., Jaroslava Hasmanová Marhánková, Jitka Skálová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This project is an international cooperative initiative to introduce dog-oriented preventive veterinary medicine in model localities in the districts of Marsabit and Samburu, Kenya. The vaccination of dogs against rabies and improvement of public awareness seek to minimize the impact of rabies on the rural population and prevent further fatal cases in humans. The success of this local project should encourage wider vaccination campaigns in Kenyan districts affected by outbreaks of rabies. Mt. Kulal is an ideal model site for such a study, being isolated but having a basic infrastructure and medium-sized human and dog populations. and David Modrý.
Vaccination has been presented as a probable solution to the ongoing pandemic of covid-19 and as such has been applied in the domestic context, and at the moment as a voluntary vaccination. However, there are a number of legal issues and implications associated with vaccination, and the present article seeks to bring at least some of these into focus. Attention is given to the nature of vaccination as a public administration and health service measure, prioritisation in the selection of persons for vaccination, the phenomenon of refusal to vaccinate, the public administration's vaccination campaign, the issue of distinguishing between vaccinated and unvaccinated in the imposition of various restrictions (and the related issue of discrimination on this basis), the legal possibility of compulsory vaccination, the related issue of conscientious objection and, finally, liability for harm caused by covid-19 vaccination. However, given its scope, the text is certainly not in any sense comprehensive. and Očkování je označováno jako pravděpodobné řešení stále aktuální pandemie onemocnění covid-19 a jako takové je uplatňováno také v domácím kontextu, a to v současnosti jako očkování dobrovolné. S tímto očkováním však souvisí řada právních otázek a souvislostí, přičemž předložený článek usiluje o přiblížení alespoň některých z nich. Pozornost je věnována otázkám povahy očkování jako opatření veřejné správy a zdravotní služby, prioritizace při výběru osob k očkování, fenoménu odmítání očkování, očkovací kampaně veřejné správy, problematiky rozlišování mezi očkovanými a neočkovanými při ukládání různých omezení (a související otázce diskriminace na tomto základu), právní možnosti povinného očkování, navazující problematiky výhrady svědomí a konečně odpovědnosti za újmu způsobenou očkováním proti covidu-19. S ohledem na svou šíři však text jistě není jakkoli vyčerpávající.