The degree of party polarization is a significant analytical measure contributing to our understanding of the party system development and it’s dynamic in time. It influences the government formation and indirectly also its stability. Moreover, the party polarization affects electoral choice and thus the voter decision-making process. Despite these it has been wrongfully neglected in the Czech political science literature so far. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap and present empirically backed data on the intensity and change of the party polarization in the Czech Republic. The analysis is based on the data sets of CVVM which monthly records the voter self-placement on the left-right scale in the long term. By analysing these data and using Dalton’s index of party system polarization it is proved that party polarization in the Czech Republic has generally increased since 1993 and that it was usually higher during General election campaign. Within the period under review (1993-2013) the polarization index reached its lowest value in 2001, while the highest value was found in June 2010., Eva Lebedová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Kvantitativní stanovení volných lehkých řetězců imunoglobulinů (FLC) v séru a jejich poměru ?/? se stává součástí souboru vyšetření při diagnostice a diferenciální diagnostice monoklonálních gamapatii. Patologický poměr ?/? v séru je projevem dysregulace syntézy imunoglobulinů a může být časným laboratorním nálezem u lymfoproliferativního onemocnění. Koncentrace volných lehkých řetězců imunoglobulinů v séru je významně závislá na funkci ledvin, zejména na glomerulární filtraci. Ve sdělení uvádíme změny koncentrací volných lehkých řetězců a poměru ?/? u nemocných se sníženou glomerulární filtrací ve vztahu k velikosti její redukce., The quantitative measurement of free light chains of immunoglobulins (FLC) in serum and their ?/? ratio have been integrated into the diagnostics of monoclonal gammopathy. The pathological ?/? ratio in serum is a sign of dysregulation of immunoglobulin synthesis and can be an early manifestation of B cell proliferative disorders. The FLC concentrations in serum are dependent significantly on the kidney function, mainly on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In our report the changes in concentration of FLCs and the ?/? ratio in patients with reduced GFR are demonstrated in dependence on the degree of GFR reduction., Granátová Jana, Bolková M., Fantová L., Hornová L., Mašková Z., Horák J., Lánská V., and Lit.: 10
Z mnoha teorií multifaktoriálního procesu stárnutí patří k nejdůležitějším i volně radikálová teorie. Vysvětluje etiologii a patogenezu některých chorob a poruch během stárnutí. Volné radikály poškozují lipidy, proteiny, glycidy a DNA. Ve stáří klesá antioxidační obrana tvořená zvláště redukovaným glutationem, glutationperoxidázou, katalázou, karotenoidy, estrogeny. Mg, Se, Zn a podobně se snižuje i schopnost opravovat poškozené biomolekuly. Naopak stoupá intracelulární vápník, oxidované nebo modifikované LDL, produkty lipoperoxidace, aldehydy, oxidované proteiny, homocystein a ferritin. Volné radikály se podílejí na vzniku a průběhu mnoha onemocnění, jako jsou např. diabetes mellitus, zhoubné nádory, ateroskleróza, katarakta, makulární degenerace, choroby kůže, zubů, uší, degenerativní choroby mozku - Alzheimerova a Parkinsonova choroba, amyotrofická laterální skleróza, roztroušená skleróza, ale i na revmatoidní artritída a další. Volné radikály mohou mít vliv i na osteoporózu a snižují také imunitu. Ještě není dostatečně prokázáno, zda antioxidanty prodlužují život, ale určité chrání před předčasnou smrtí. Budoucí výzkum různých směsí antioxidantů a jejich preventivní používání pravděpodobně přispěje i k prodloužení života., There are many theories of the multifactorial processes of aging. One of the most important represents the free radical theory. It explains at least several diseases and disturbances during aging. Free radicals destroy lipids, proteins, sacharides and DNA. Antioxidant defence decreases with age, especially are reduced glutathion, glutathion peroxidase, catalase, carotenoids, estrogens, Mg, Se, Zn and others, as well as the abiUty to repair the injured biomolecules. On the other hand there is increasing of intracellular calcium, oxidized or modified LDL, products of lipoperoxidation, aldehydes, oxidised proteins, homocystein, ferritin. Free radicals take part in the etiology and pathogenesis in many diseases, especially in diabetes mellitus, malignant tumors, atherosclerosis, cataract, macular degeneration, in the diseases of skin, teeth, ears, in degenerative diseases of brain like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophical lateral sclerosis, sclerosis multiplex, in rheumatoid arthritis and the others. Free radicals may take part also in the pathogeny of osteoporosis, they also decrease immunity. It is not yet satisfactory demonstrated, that antioxidants prolong the live, but they protect against premature death. The future research of different mixtures of antioxidants and their preventive use may lead also to the extension of the life span., Václav Holeček, Richard Rokyta, and Lit. 39
It is well known that antagonists of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels inhibit the evoked quan tal release of acetylcholine in amphibian neuromuscular synapses. This, however, does not exclude the functional expression of other types of voltage-gated calcium channels in these nerve terminals. Using immunocytochemistry, we detected the expression of the α1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels (that is otherwise typical of mammalian motor nerve endings) in the frog neuromuscular junction. In addition, we demonstrated that the P/Q-type channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA (20 nM) reduced the action potential- induced calcium transient and significantly decreased both spontaneous and evoked mediator release. Our data indicates the functional expression of P/Q-type calcium channels in the frog motor nerve ending which participate in acetylcholine release., L. F. Nurullin ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Using a microelectrode with carbon filaments and the voltammctric technique, changes evoked in the catechol oxidation current (CA.OC) and multiple unit activity (MUA) by microinjection of 3-5 ¿ri 03 mol.I'1 KC1 were studied in the reticular formation (RF) of the medulla oblongata of anaesthetized rats; the effect of KC1 stimulation of the RF and corpus striatum (S) on the CA.OC in these structures was compared. The microinjection of KC1 in the vicinity of the working electrode in the RF caused depression of MUA which began 2-3 s after administration, persisted for up to 6 min after and then diminished, reaching control values within 9 min. The voltammctric signal was first recorded in the 1st min after microinjection, when there was an evident decrease in the CA.OC value (59 % of the control value); this effect reached its maximum 7 min after administration (a mean drop to 23 % of the control), while at the end of the experiment (i.e. after 24 min) CA.OC values had risen to 45-80 % of the control value. The response in the S had a biphasic character, however. Immediately after the microinjection (1st min), the mean CA.OC value rose to 626 % of the control, while in the second phase (3-10 min) it was seen to fall below the control values (means 21-63 % of the control). The differences in the changes evoked by K+ depolarization in the concentration of catecholamines in the RF and S microenvironment are discussed from the aspect of the existence of different pools of the transmitter and
other regional differences. The possibility of a relationship between considered.
Voltinism and larval growth pattern were investigated in an edge-of-range population of Coenagrion mercuriale. Coenagrion mercuriale is semi-voltine in Britain and growth is inhibited in winter. The 2nd year group overwinters in a range of instars between the antepenultimate and final instar consistent with the early, asynchronous emergence pattern of this species. A facultative autumnal diapause in the penultimate instar is the most likely mode of seasonal regulation. The broad size distribution of larvae produced by this growth pattern was wider than that found in co-occurring populations of Pyrrhosoma nymphula, a "spring" species with synchronous emergence. The broad size distributions may lead to considerable intraspecific interference between C. mercuriale larvae. Sex ratio in the last three larval instars of C. mercuriale did not differ significantly from unity. A laboratory investigation of the effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth and diapause in C. mercuriale is recommended to determine whether high minimum temperature thresholds for development limit both the width of the temporal niche and microhabitat use by this species at its range margin.
Cíl: Cílem naší práce bylo rozšířit a zobecnit výsledky resekcí inzulárních gliomů. Navazujeme na náš pilotní již publikovaný soubor (2009 – osm pacientů), jenž jsme rozšířili na 20 operací. <p align="">Soubor a metodika: V období 2007–2013 jsme provedli 20 operací gliomů se signifikantním objemem nádoru v inzule. Operace byly prováděny v celkové anestezii při monitorování motorických evokovaných potenciálů. Radikalita operací byla hodnocena pomocí manuální počítačové volumetrie prostřednictvím software StealthDTI (Medtronic, Minneaopolis, USA). <p align="">Výsledky: U jedné pacientky po resekci multiformního glioblastomu došlo po operaci k prokrvácení rezidua s následnou hemiplegií, míra závažných komplikací činí 5 %. Během 19 operací jsme dosáhli průměrné 83% radikality resekce (43–100 %). V průběhu 15 operací neenhancujících nádorů (LGG a AA) jsme dosáhli v T2 vážení průměrné 80% redukce objemu nádoru. <p align="">Závěr: Gliomy inzulární oblasti jsou indikovány k chirurgickému odstranění za podobných indikačních kritérií jako gliomy v jiných oblastech mozku. Nezbytná je detailní znalost anatomie inzulární oblasti včetně schopnosti manipulace s vitálními cévními strukturami., Aim: We present the results of surgical resection in a group of patients with insular gliomas, we refer to our pilot study (2009 – eight patients) and include 20 surgeries performed until 2013. <p align="">Groups and methods: From 2007 to 2013 we performed 20 surgeries for gliomas with a significant invasion of the insular region; all the surgeries were conducted under general anaesthesia with motor evoked potential monitoring. The extent of resection was evaluated by means of manual computerized volumetry (software Stealth DTI, Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA). <p align="">Results: In one patient after glioblastoma multiforme resection, we observed postoperative hematoma in the tumour remnant with consequent hemiplegia, the rate of major complications was 5%. The mean extent of resection in 19 surgeries was 83% (43–100%). In 15 non-enhancing tumours (LGG and AA), we obtained the mean tumour volumetric reduction of 80%. <p align="">Conclusions: The same indication criteria for surgical resection apply to insular gliomas as to gliomas in other regions. Detailed knowledge of insular anatomy, including ability to handle vital vascular structures, is necessary for performing insular surgery with good results., and R. Bartoš, A. Malucelli, T. Radovnický, A. Hejčl, J. Ceé, P. Bartoš, M. Sameš
In recent years there has been a noticeable "rejuvenation" of pelvic organ prolapse. Inconsistency of the pelvic floor muscles, including the omission of sexual organs, is extremely common pathology, observed almost a third of women of reproductive age. The search for effective, convenient methods of contraception for this category of patients is an important problem of modern gynecology. We proposed a method of transvaginal voluntary surgical contraception, produced in conjunction with surgical treatment of descent and prolapse of the vaginal walls. Studied the nearest and long-term results of surgery in 50 women to which, during the surgical treatment of genital prolapse at the same time was performed transvaginal occlusion of the fallopian tubes. Control groups consisted of 30 women to which in the first step before surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse have been performed minilaparotomy and voluntary surgical sterilization (VSS). Our method consists in penetrating into the abdominal cavity through the anterior vaginal vault, downgrading the fallopian tubes with a hook of Ramathibodi and tubal sterilization by Pomeroy method. Intra - and postoperative complications were not observed. In the late postoperative periods - the effectiveness of the method was 100%. Marked tendency to improve the quality of sexual life tells about the positive impact of elimination of genital prolapse with simultaneous DCA on the quality of life of women., Nigina Nasimova, and Literatura