The aim of this study is to evaluate how wolves affected the prey community in a newly recolonization area of the Western Alps, the Gran Paradiso National Park (GPNP). Since 1960’s, this portion of the Alps hosts a multi-specific wild ungulate community. It lived in absence of large predators for more than a century. In 2006 a couple of wolves re-established in GPNP and in summer 2007 the first reproduction was documented. The present study was conducted during the following two years. In term of biomass
consumed (Bio%), Alpine chamois was the main prey of wolves in all seasons (Bio% Summer 2007 = 70.13; Bio% Winter 2007/2008 = 56.99; Bio%Summer 2008 = 67.52; Bio% Winter 2008/2009 = 36.35), while roe deer were intensely consumed during the adverse season (Bio% W2007/2008
= 23.05 %; Bio% W2008/2009 = 42.47 %). Although cervids were much less abundant than bovids in the area, they represented one of the main
food items of wolves, possibly because of the strong habitat overlap and altitude use between predator and preys. Moreover, the minor adaptation of cervids to the Alpine environment compared to bovids could affect their vulnerability and thus the respective consumption of the different species during the adverse season.
Asi 70 % dosud zkoumaných vyšších rostlin žije v mykorhizní symbióze s půdními houbami. Wood wide web – síť mycelia sdílených symbiotických hub – umožňuje např. parazitování nezelených rostlin na okolních fotosyntetizujících dřevinách či propojení dřevin a vřesovcovitých keříků. Myceliální sítě tak udržují variabilitu a produktivitu ekosystémů a rostliny si přes ně podle potřeby posílají energii ve formě uhlíkatých produktů fotosyntézy. and About 70 % of higher plants studied so far live in mycorrhiza symbiosis with soil fungi. The wood wide web – a network of symbiotic fungus mycelia enables e.g. non-green plants to parasite on neighbouring woody plants with photosynthesis ability or co-existence of woody plants and Ericaceae shrubs. Nets of mycelia thus conserve the variability and productivity of ecosystems. Plants can share energy through them in the form of photosynthesis carbon products.
The aim of the paper is to present and analyse the current state of perpetrator programmes in Eastern European and Baltic countries as this issue has barely been raised in the literature. It is connected to the fact that in described region such programmes are still relatively new phenomena and, compared to other European Union countries (mostly in Western and Northern Europe), the number of the programmes is still insufficient. Moreover, the number and character of the perpetrator programmes in Eastern European and Baltic countries is to a large extent determined by traditional gender relations, glorification of the traditional family and specific definitions of masculinities and femininities, as well as by the nature of the anti-violence legislation that exists in particular countries. The presented findings result from research on the specificity of work with perpetrators of domestic violence in the region. The analysis is based on the cases of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland. It is to a large extent the result of research conducted within the Daphne III project IMPACT: Evaluation of European Perpetrator Programmes (2013-2014) and of analysis of national reports delivered by country experts for a project conducted by the Work with Perpetrators - European Network in 2013., Katarzyna Wojnicka., and Obsahuje bibliografii