As servants of their church community, teachers had to spend much of their time on activities that today we might consider secondary - tasks relating to their ancillary duties as cantor, organist or verger. But in rural communities the teachers, alongside the priests, were often the only educated men in the parish and played a not inconsiderable role in the early stages of the national revival movement. The school reforms passed in 18th century Hungary opened the way for teachers - even those in elementary schools - to improve their social standing and prestige, on condition they fulfilled certain expectations as formulated in the basic reform programme, Ratio educationis (1777). Our paper examines the new types of school (normal, preparatory) that offered teachers better chances of social advancement and public acceptance. Drawing on case studies of teachers in several schools, it documents how they managed to meet the demands made on them while still pursuing and realizing their own ambitions., Eva Kowalská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Ulinastatin [or called as urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI)] plays a role in regulating neurological deficits evoked by transient cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be determined. The present study was to examine the effects of UTI on autophagy, Nrf2-ARE and apoptosis signal pathway in the hippocampus in the process of neurological functions after cerebral ischemia using a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA). CA was induced by asphyxia followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rats. Western blot analysis was employed to determine the expression of representative autophagy (namely, Atg5, LC3, Beclin 1), p62 protein (a maker of autophagic flux), and Nrf2-ARE pathways. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by determining expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, and by examining terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and spatial working memory performance were used to assess neurological deficiencies in CA rats. Our results show that CA amplified autophagy and apoptotic Caspase-3/Caspase-9, and downregulated Nrf2-ARE pathway in the hippocampus CA1 region. Systemic administration of UTI attenuated autophagy and apoptosis, and largely restored Nrf2-ARE signal pathway following cerebral ischemia and thereby alleviated neurological deficits with increasing survival of CA rats. Our data suggest that UTI improves the worsened protein expression of autophagy and apoptosis, and restores Nrf2-ARE signals in the hippocampus and this is linked to inhibition of neurological deficiencies in transient cerebral ischemia. UTI plays a beneficial role in modulating neurological deficits induced by transient cerebral ischemia via central autophagy, apoptosis and Nrf2-ARE mechanisms., Xiao-Ming Jiang, Jing-Hai Hu, Lu-Lu Wang, Chi Ma, Xu Wang, Xiao-Liang Liu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We prove the ultimate boundedness of solutions of some third order nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the Lyapunov method. The results obtained generalize earlier results of Ezeilo, Tejumola, Reissig, Tunç and others. The Lyapunov function used does not involve the use of signum functions as used by others.
We define an ultra $LI$-ideal of a lattice implication algebra and give equivalent conditions for an $LI$-ideal to be ultra. We show that every subset of a lattice implication algebra which has the finite additive property can be extended to an ultra $LI$-ideal.
A mistake concerning the ultra $LI$-ideal of a lattice implication algebra is pointed out, and some new sufficient and necessary conditions for an $LI$-ideal to be an ultra $LI$-ideal are given. Moreover, the notion of an $LI$-ideal is extended to $MTL$-algebras, the notions of a (prime, ultra, obstinate, Boolean) $LI$-ideal and an $ILI$-ideal of an $MTL$-algebra are introduced, some important examples are given, and the following notions are proved to be equivalent in $MTL$-algebra: (1) prime proper $LI$-ideal and Boolean $LI$-ideal, (2) prime proper $LI$-ideal and $ILI$-ideal, (3) proper obstinate $LI$-ideal, (4) ultra $LI$-ideal.
Recently, more and more efforts are directed towards developing new imaging and drug-delivery options based on various nanoparticles, exploiting their unique properties. Here, ultra-small gold nanoparticles functionalized with widely used polyethylene glycol and its amine-terminated form were tested in respect of their potential interactions with human immune cells (cell line and primary cells). The results showed that differently terminated ultrasmall gold nanoparticles represent an interesting theranostic platform as they are harmless to immune cells (not inducing cytotoxicity and severe immune response) and on the other hand, they can serve as imaging and/or drug delivery agents using e.g. monocytes/ macrophages as “Trojan horses” to deliver these nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and diagnose or treat pathologies of the central nervous system.
Ultrakrátké světelné pulzy, tedy pulzy pikosekundové nebo kratší časové délky, jsou velmi významné ve vědě i ve stále větším počtu aplikací. Uvádíme základní vlastnosti světelných pulzů, způsob jejich generace lasery se synchronizací módů a připomínáme některé oblasti jejich použití., Ultra-short light pulses, with pulses of a picosecond or shorter duration, are very important in science as well as in a growing number of applications. We review the basic properties of these light pulses and techniques for their generation by modelocked lasers. We also describe some of their application areas., Petr Malý., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The remarkable progress in laser technology leads also to a development of techniques of time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The ultrafast laser spectroscopy in the visible spectral region can be now used for investigation of rapid processes with the time resolution of about 10 fs. This paper reviews the experimental background and typical techniques of ultrafast laser spectroscopy. The potentional of ultrafast spectrocopy is illustrated with the results obtained by authors in the field of ultrafast relaxation processes in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures., Petr Malý, Petr Němec, František Trojánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ultraslabá emise fotonů se vyskytuje prakticky u všech metabolicky aktivních biologických systémů. Jejím zdrojem jsou elektronově excitované stavy molekul vznikající v průběhu oxidativních reakcí biomolekul. Ultraslabá emise fotonů detekovatelná citlivými a nízkošumovými fotonásobiči a CCD kamerami může najít uplatnění v neinvazivních diagnostických metodách v zemědělství a biomedicíně., Ultra-weak photon emission is present in virtually all metabolically active biological systems. Its source is electronically excited states of molecules produced during the oxidation reactions of biomolecules. Ultra-weak photon emission detected with sensititive and low noise photomultipliers and CCD cameras can be exploited in non-invasive diagnostics in biomedicine and agriculture., Michal Cifra, Pavel Pospíšil., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Genetic predisposition and social stress may represent important risk factors in etiology of hypertension associated with endothelial dysfunction. Perturbations of endothelial structural integrity are also critical for the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. We examined effect of chronic social stress on structure of aortic endothelium in bord erline hypertensive (BHR) and normotensive Wistar rats. Male BHR – offspring of Wistar mothers and SHR fathers and age-matched W were exposed to 6-week crowding stress (5 rats/cage, 200 cm2/rat). Aortic tissue was processed for electron microscopy and NO synthase activity measurement. Crowding stress significantly increased blood pressure in BHR compared to basal values (140±3 mm Hg vs. 130±3 mm Hg, p<0.05) and reduced enzyme activity by 37 % (p<0.01) in the aorta of BHR. Local slight structural alterations of endothelium were found in non-stressed BHR (p<0.001) when compared with Wistar rats. Chronic stress caused marked (p<0.005) subcellular injury of endothelial cells in aorta of BHR characterized by mitochondrial damage, presence of vacuoles, increased number of lysosomes, Weibel-Palade bodies, changes of intercellular connections and local disruption of endothelium, while only slight changes were seen in Wistar rats. Results suggest increased sensitivity of aortic endothelium of BHR to chronic crowding that may contribute to acceleration of arterial dysfunction., Ľ. Okruhlicová, K. Dlugošová, M. Mitašíková, I. Bernátová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy