The acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus bothniensis Zdzitowiecki and Valtonen, 1987 differs from most other species in the genus Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 by infecting mysids (order Mysida) instead of amphipods (order Amphipoda) as intermediate hosts. Here we report on the occurrence of E. bothniensis in mysids (Mysis segerstralei Audzijonytė et Väinölä) and in its fish definitive hosts in a high Arctic lake. Out of 15 907 sampled mysids, 4.8% were infected with a mean intensity of 1.05 worms (range 1-5), although there was notable variation between samples taken in different years and sites. Larger mysids appear more likely to be infected. Of five fish species sampled, charr,Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus), and a benthic-feeding whitefish morph, Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus), were the most heavily infected (mean abundances of 80 and 15, respectively). The adult parasite population in fish exhibited a female-biased sex ratio (1.78 : 1). Although E. bothniensis is rather unique in infecting mysids, many aspects of its natural history mirror that of other acanthocephalan species., Raija-Liisa Aura, Daniel P. Benesh, Risto Palomäki, E. Tellervo Valtonen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We prove that the problem of finding all ${\mathcal {M} f_m}$-natural operators ${C\colon Q\rightsquigarrow QT^{r*}}$ lifting classical linear connections $\nabla $ on $m$-manifolds $M$ into classical linear connections $C_M(\nabla )$ on the $r$-th order cotangent bundle $T^{r*}M=J^r(M,\mathbb R )_0$ of $M$ can be reduced to the well known one of describing all $\mathcal {M} f_m$-natural operators $D\colon Q\rightsquigarrow \bigotimes ^pT\otimes \bigotimes ^qT^*$ sending classical linear connections $\nabla $ on $m$-manifolds $M$ into tensor fields $D_M(\nabla )$ of type $(p,q)$ on $M$.
The unique relation between logic and truth (protorelation) is crucial for understanding Fregean conception of logic. Frege has an insight that the nature of logic resides in the ''truth'', which he finally locates in the assertoric-force of a sentence. Though Frege admits that assertoric-force is ineffable in ordinary language, he coins in his conceptual notation for such a force a much-disputed sign, i.e., judgment-stroke. In this paper, I will try to demonstrate that judgment-stroke is not adequate for the task its inventor has assigned to it. Accordingly, it is misconceived and inconducive to clarify Frege’s vague insight into the protorelation. The mistake of judgment-stroke for the sign of assertoric-force has its root in Frege’s ignorance of the significant difference between ''judgment'' and assertion'', which will be elucidated at length in the light of Husserl’s theory of ''doxic-modification''. In the end, based on a further elucidation of the activity of assertion, I will advance a tentative interpretation of the vague insight Frege has concerning the protorelation., Jedinečný vztah mezi logikou a pravdou (protorelace) je klíčový pro pochopení logiky Fregean. Frege má pochopení, že podstata logiky spočívá v ,,pravdě'', kterou nakonec nalezne v přísloví věty. Ačkoli Frege připustí, že assertoric-síla je nevýslovná v obyčejném jazyce, on mince v jeho pojmovém zápisu pro takovou sílu hodně-sporné znamení, tj., Rozsudek-mrtvice. V tomto příspěvku se pokusím prokázat, že rozsudek-úder není vhodný pro úkol, který mu jeho vynálezce přidělil. V souladu s tím je nepochopitelné a nevhodné vyjasnit Fregeův nejasný pohled na protorelaci. Chyba úsudku-mrtvice pro znamení assertoric-síla má jeho kořen ve Fregeově neznalosti významného rozdílu mezi ,,rozsudkem a tvrzením '', který bude podrobně objasněn ve světle Husserlovy teorie ,,doxické modifikace''. V závěru, na základě dalšího objasnění činnosti tvrzení, budu postupovat předběžně ve výkladu neurčitého náhledu Fregeho týkajícího se protorelace., and Gao Song
In this work, the injuries caused by clethodim herbicide application as well as the use of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) as a protective agent against clethodim in Zea mays leaves were examined. Although the target for clethodim is the inhibition of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) which is the key enzyme for fatty acid biosynthesis, it can indirectly affect the photosynthetic machinery, gaseous exchange and some biochemical parameters. Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of leaf-tip parts. Higher doses caused browning or reddening of leaves and sometimes dead parts of the leaf margins were observed. The rate of photosynthesis was significantly lowered and the pigments content was highly reduced as a response to clethodim spraying. Moreover, other gas-exchange properties were altered. Furthermore, accumulation of high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and proline were detected. SA spraying three days prior clethodim application caused partially or totally disappearance of clethodim injuries and kept the leaves similar to those of control. Improved photosynthesis and enhanced pigments content were observed in leaves treated with SA. Other analyzed parameters showed values similar to those of the corresponding control. From the experimental work, an evidenced role of SA working against clethodim effects was suggested and discussed in this paper., D. E. M. Radwan, D. M. Soltan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The Asian neriid fly genus Telostylus Bigot (Diptera: Neriidae) is revised, including a key and illustrations of its species. Lectotype designations are proposed for four species: Telostylus babiensis de Meijere, T. decemnotatus Hendel, T. remipes (Walker) and T. trilineatus de Meijere. Two new species are described: Telostylus marshalli Sepúlveda & de Carvalho, sp. n., from Sarawak, Malaysia, and T. whitmorei Sepúlveda & de Carvalho, sp. n., from Masbate, Philippines. The morphology of Telostylus binotatus Bigot and T. remipes (Walker) is discussed in order to support their synonymy. Additionally, new country records are provided for four species: Telostylus babiensis de Meijere for Philippines, T. binotatus Bigot for Papua New Guinea, T. inversus Hennig for Malaysia and Indonesia, and T. trilineatus de Meijere for Malaysia and Philippines.
Using the localization of nonspecific esterases, the nervous system of Polystoma indicum Diengdoh et Tandon, 1991 could be revealed in toto. The nervous system is bilaterally symmetrical. Cerebral ganglia, which are connected by a thick dorsal commissure, are present dorsal to the pharynx. From the cerebral ganglia arise five anterior pairs and four posterior pairs of nerve trunks. The anterior nerves and/or their fine branches join to form a conspicuous circumoral nerve ring complex. The posterior nerves unite in the opisthaptoral region to form two main haptoral nerves, the branches from which innervate the components of the opisthaptor. Presence of nerve cells is also revealed in association with the main nerves, more predominantly in the vicinity of the opisthaptoral suckers.
The solution of the weak Neumann problem for the Laplace equation with a distribution as a boundary condition is studied on a general open set $G$ in the Euclidean space. It is shown that the solution of the problem is the sum of a constant and the Newtonian potential corresponding to a distribution with finite energy supported on $\partial G$. If we look for a solution of the problem in this form we get a bounded linear operator. Under mild assumptions on $G$ a necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of the problem is given and the solution is constructed.