Portal-systemic shunting is an important circulatory abnormality in patients with liver cirrhosis. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) that is normally subject to first pass elimination, may exhibit higher bioavailability in these patients. This study compares the pharmacodynamic effects of GTN after peroral and sublingual administration for noninvasive assessment of shunting. Six control subjects and 15 patients with cirrhosis were studied after oral and sublingual application of 0.5 mg of GTN. Liver cirrhosis was complicated by portal hypertension in 7 of the patients and 4 patients had surgically implanted portocaval anastomosis. Digital plethysmography, which is highly sensitive and is essentially noninvasive in nature, was used to assess and compare the pharmacodynamic effects of GTN. The following values of the ratio of areas under the pharmacodynamic effects/time curve were obtained: 0.08±0.06 in healthy subjects, 0.52±0.21 in patients with uncomplicated cirrhosis, 0.99±0.34 in patients with portal hypertension and 1.24±0.43 in patients with portal-systemic shunts. We conclude that increased bioavailability of GTN reflects portal-systemic shunting and might be used providing that the pharmacodynamic data reflect both pharmacokinetic variability and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interrelations., O. Slanař, J. Aubrecht, F. Perlík., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studie se zabývá konstruktem osobních cílů z pohledu zkoumání motivace. Popisuje vývoj tohoto konstruktu zejména v posledních dvaceti letech. Osobní cíle jsou popisovány jako generický konstrukt, který zahrnuje i řadu dalších obsahově podobných dřívějších termínů (personal project, life tasks, personal strivings). Hlavním přínosem tohoto konstruktu je komplexní pohled na vztah mezi motivací, osobností a chováním jedince v sociálním kontextu. Při diskusi těchto vztahů jsou osobní cíle představeny jako víceúrovňový konstrukt; je popsána rovina obsahu cílů a rovina procesu usilování o cíle. Text věnuje pozornost otázkám shody osobních cílů s „já“ (self-concordance), roli autonomie cílů, konfliktům cílů a multifinalitě cílesměrných aktivit. Další část se věnuje metodologickým otázkám zkoumání osobních cílů. V závěru je diskutována otázka stability osobních cílů a možnosti odvozovat ze způsobu hodnocení osobních cílů osobně specifické způsoby volby cílů a vztahování se k nim., The study deals with the construct of personal goals from the point of view of research in motivation. The development of this construct especially in last two decades is described. Personal goals are described as a generic construct including also some further similar former terms (personal project, life tasks, personal strivings). The main benefit of this construct is the complex perspective of relations among motivation, personality, and behavior of individual in the social context. While discussing these relations personal goals are presented as multilevel construct, the level of goal content and the level of the process of goals striving are described. The paper pays attention to problems of goal selfconcordance, to the role of goals autonomy, conflicts of goals, and to the multi-finality of goal directed activities. Further part of the paper is devoted to methodological questions of personal goals research. In the conclusion, the question of personal goals stability and the possibility to derive personally specific ways of goals selection and striving are discussed., Iva Stuchlíková, Yvona Mazehóová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie Roberta Škardy se zabývá tvorbou českých skladatelů, využívajících ve svých kompozicích polystylovost a koláž, stejně jako teoretickými aspekty takového typu děl a jejich reflexí v odborných časopisech., The topic of this study is the music of Czech composers based mainly on the juxtaposition of styles, stylizations of historical or jazz music, and the use of quotations in the years between 1960 and 2000. It deals with reconstruction of the meanings of the period musical terms polystylism and collage, and it maps out the use of these terms in the reception of this music at the time and in the compositional theory and practice of Czech musical culture during that forty-year period. The main sources for the analysis of terms were reviews, articles, and scholarly studies in music journals along with the contemporary statements of the composers themselves at the time and at the present. In that context, the study follows the leading representatives from among composers and critics, derives the meanings of the terms polystylism and collage, and places them in the context of Czech music of that period. As an example of a specific composition reflected upon in the context of polystylism and collage and exhibiting a number of elements typical of this compositional orientation, the study contains an analysis of the composition Útěk (The Flight) written by Arnošt Parsch in 1973., Robert Škarda., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 199, anglický abstrakt 169.
Cíle studie. Výzkum se zaměřuje na zjištění souvislostí mezi rozvodovými postoji, vybranými vlastnostmi rodičovského konfliktu, vnímanou kvalitou vztahu k otci a rodičovskou kooperací. Cílem bylo také zjistit, jak se liší rozvodové postoje mladých dospělých z rozvedených a úplných rodin. Soubor a postup výzkumu. Výzkumu se účastnilo 497 vysokoškoláků (z toho 315 žen) ve věku od 20 do 30 let. 68,6 % tvořili respondenti z úplných rodin, 28,6 % z rozvedených rodin a 2,8 % respondentů uvedlo jinou možnost. Všem byly administrovány dotazníky IPPA, CPIC, CBQ a dotazník zjišťující rozvodový postoj. Hypotézy. Předpokládalo se, že rodičovský konflikt a vztah k otci jsou významnějšími prediktory rozvodového postoje než zážitek rozvodu rodičů a že při kontrole těchto proměnných nebudou mít lidé z rozvedených rodin pozitivnější postoj k rozvodu. Statistické analýzy. Předpoklady byly ověřovány pomocí lineární a hierarchické regrese a t-testů. Výsledky. Byl podpořen předpoklad, že vztah k otci predikuje rozvodový postoj a to společně se zážitkem rozvodu. Kooperace mezi rodiči se ukázala jako významný prvek, který predikuje kvalitu vztahu k otci posuzovanou mladými dospělými a mediuje souvislost mezi rodičovským konfliktem a rozvodovým postojem. Lidé z rozvedených rodin projevili pozitivnější postoje k rozvodu než lidé z rodin úplných. Omezení studie. Největší limity studie představuje lavinový výběr výzkumného souboru a použití metod, jež nebyly standardizovány pro české mladé dospělé., Objectives. The research focuses on the relationship between attitudes toward divorce, perceived parental conflict, father-child relationship quality and parental cooperation. The aim of the study was also to find out whether there is a difference between young adults, divorce attitudes from intact and divorce families. Sample and setting. Research sample included 497 undergraduates (including 315 women) at the age between 20 and 30. 68,6% of sample was from intact families, 28,6% from divorced families and 2,8% reported different option. All respondents were tested using the IPPA, CPIC, CBQ and attitude toward divorce questionnaire. Hypotheses. Parental conflict and quality of father-child relationship were expected to predict divorce attitudes more likely than the experience of parental divorce itself. It was also expected that young adults from divorced families don’t have more positive divorce attitude compared to young adults from intact families. Statistical analysis. The hypotheses were tested using linear and hierarchical regressions and t-tests. Results. The quality of father-child relationship and experience of parental divorce were found to predict young adults, divorce attitudes. The parental cooperation was found to predict quality of father-child relationship perceived by young adults and to mediate a relationship between parental conflict and divorce attitudes. Young adults from divorced families had more positive attitudes toward divorce than young adults from intact families. Study limitation. Snowball selection of respondents and the use of nonstandardized methods for Czech young adults represent the limits of the study., Eliška Horská, Lenka Lacinová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Ako emócie ovplyvňujú rozhodovanie, je dôležitou otázkou, pretože (nielen) pri najdôležitejších rozhodnutiach v živote sú emócie prítomné. Doterajší výskum sa zameriaval skôr na rolu negatívnych emócií, preto je cieľom článku zvýrazniť rolu, ktorú zohrávajú pri rozhodovaní pozitívne emócie z hľadiska ich situačných vplyvov, ako aj určitých dispozičných charakteristík osobnosti, ako sú kognitívny štýl či schopnosť regulovať emócie, pretože ľudia, ktorí dokážu svoje emócie regulovať žiaducim spôsobom, sú vo výhode. Prvá časť štúdie sa venuje vzťahu medzi emóciami a kognitívnymi procesmi a špecifickému vplyvu pozitívnych emócií na rozhodovanie. V druhej časti je predstavených niekoľko možností interakcie pozitívnych emócií a osobnosti a možné dopady na rozhodovanie. Na záver sú sumarizované zistenia, ktoré naznačujú, že využívanie emócií ako informácie pre rozhodnutia prináša skôr pozitívne dôsledky pre život človeka., How emotions influence decision making is an important question because emotions are present not only in the most important decisions in the life. The previous research concentrated rather on the role of negative emotions and that is why the goal of the paper is to counterpoint the role played by positive emotions in decision making from the position of its situational influences as well as particular dispositional personality characteristics like cognitive style or ability to regulate emotions because people who are able to regulate their emotions in the desirable way have an advantage. The first part of the study is devoted to the relation between emotions and cognitive processes and the specific influence of positive emotions on decision making. In the second part, several alternatives of interaction of positive emotions and personality and possible impacts on decision making are presented. In the conclusion, the findings indicating that making use of emotions as information for decision making brings rather positive consequences for human life are summarized., Vladimíra Čavojová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
a1_Kriticko-přehledová studie má čtyři části. V první části autoři charakterizují koncepční přístupy klinické psychologie od jejích počátků v 19. století až po její současný stav. Rozlišují tři oblasti klinické psychologie: psychopatologii, psychoterapii a psychodiagnostiku. S oporou o odbornou literaturu upozorňují na jednostrannost toho koncepčního proudu v klinické psychologii, který se odehrává ve zdravotnických zařízeních a vyučuje se v akademických institucích: staví na analogii s medicínou, akcentuje nemoc a psychopatologii. Ve druhé části charakterizují vznik a proměny pozitivní psychologie a rozlišují její čtyři podoby: 1. pozitivně psychologické pohledy na člověka a z nich odvozené příslušné výzkumy probíhající už od počátku 20. století, 2. pozitivně-psychologické hnutí, které vystoupilo na veřejnost na přelomu 20. a 21. století, 3. zjednodušující pojetí hlásané některými příznivci, jež je mediálně manipulativní a bývá často propojeno s komerčními aktivitami, 4. pozitivně psychologické přístupy a výzkumy. Uvádějí, že kritika zaznívá vůči třetí a do značné míry i vůči druhé podobě pozitivní psychologie., a2_Autoři shromáždili celkem 20 kritických výhrad vůči pozitivní psychologii, zejména proti představitelům její „první vlny“. Ve třetí části studie přibližují (s oporou o dostupnou literaturu) snahy některých psychologů doplnit klinickou psychologii o prvky pozitivní psychologie. Tyto snahy se obvykle označují jako pozitivní klinická psychologie. Čtvrtá část studie ukazuje, jak prvky pozitivní psychologie mohou obohatit psychodiagnostiku v rámci klinické psychologie., The critical overview study has four parts. In the first one, the authors characterize the conceptual approaches of clinical psychology since its beginnings in the 19th century till its contemporary state. They differentiate three areas of clinical psychology: psychopathology, psychotherapy, and psychodiagnostics. With support in professional literature, they warn about one-sidedness of conceptual stream in clinical psychology that takes place in medical institutions and is taught in academic institutions: it builds on the analogy with medicine, accentuates the illness and psychopathology. In the second part, the authors characterize the origin and transformations of positive psychology, and they differentiate its four forms: 1. positive psychological views on humans and corresponding studies derived from them going on since the beginning of 20th century, 2. positive psychological movement that appeared in public on the turn of 20th and 21st century, 3. simplifying conception proclaimed by some supporters, which is media manipulative and is often interconnected to commercial activities, 4. positive psychological approaches and studies., The authors state that criticism is heard against the third and to considerable measure also against the second form of positive psychology. They gathered in total twenty critical objections against positive psychology, especially against representatives of its „first wave“. In the third part of the study, they give insight into (relying on available literature) the effort of some psychologists to top up the clinical psychology by the elements of positive psychology. These efforts are usually labeled as positive clinical psychology. The fourth part of the study shows how the elements of positive psychology can enrich psychodiagnostics in the framework of clinical psychology., Jiří Mareš, Marek Preiss,David Skorunka., and Obasahuje seznam literatury
Studie Tomáše Hlobila se zabývá náplní přednášek estetika Johanna Heinricha Dambecka, které Dambeck přednášel během svého pedagogického působení na pražské univerzitě., This article examines contemporaneous reports about two versions of lectures in aesthetics, which were given at Prague University by Johann Heinrich Dambeck (1774–1820). They were recorded by the publisher Joseph Adolf Hanslik (1785–1859) in a manuscript summary in 1819 and a two-volume book published in 1822 and 1823. The article presents a comparison of the two sources in order to determine which parts of the commentary originate with Dambeck and which with Hanslik. Considering the large scope and the bibliographical nature of the chief part of the appendices to the book, the author of the article concludes that they originated not with Dambeck, but with Hanslik., Tomáš Hlobil., Rubrika: Studie, and Německé resumé na s. 130, anglický abstrakt na s. 123.
a1_A new concept of cardioprotection based on the exploitation of endogenous mechanisms is known as ischemic preconditioning (IPC). It has been hypothesized that substances released during brief ischemic stress (e.g. catecholamines) stimulate the receptors and trigger multiple cell signaling cascades. Opening of ATP-sensitive K+ channels [K(ATP)] has been suggested as a possible final step in the mechanisms of protection. In this study, the role of adrenergic activation was tested in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts subjected to test ischemia (TI; 30 min occlusion of LAD coronary artery) by: 1) mimicking IPC (5 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion) with short-term (5 min) administration of norepinephrine (NE, 1 µM), 15 min prior to TI; 2) blockade with b- or a1-receptor antagonists, propranolol (10 µM) and prazosin (2 µM), respectively, applied 15 min prior to TI during IPC. The role of K(ATP) opening was examined by perfusion with a K(ATP) blocker glibenclamide (10 mM) during IPC. Both IPC and NE-induced PC effectively reduced the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) to 33 % and 37 %, respectively, vs 100 % in the non-PC controls, whereby ventricular fibrillation (VF) was totally abolished by IPC and markedly suppressed by PC with NE (0 % and 10 %, respectively, vs 70 % in the non-PC hearts; P<0.05). The severity of arrhythmias (arrhythmia score, AS) was also markedly attenuated by both interventions (IPC: AS 1.7±0.4; NE-PC: AS 1.8±0.3 vs AS 4.1±0.2 in the controls; P<0.05). Protection was not suppressed by propranolol (VT 28 %; VF 14 %; AS 2.2±0.6), whereas prazosin reversed the protective effect of PC (VT 83 %; VF 67 %; AS 4.0±0.8). Antiarrhythmic protection afforded by NE-PC was abolished by pretreatment of rats with pertussis toxin (25 mg/kg, i.p.) given 48 h prior to the experiments., a2_Glibenclamide did not suppress the IPC-induced protection. In conclusion, the sensitivity of the rat heart to ischemic arrhythmias can be modulated by IPC. Protection is mediated via stimulation of a1-adrenergic receptors coupled with Gi-proteins but glibenclamide-sensitive K(ATP) channels do not appear to be involved in the mechanisms of antiarrhythmic protection in this model., T. Ravingerová, D. Pancza, A. Ziegelhoffer, J. Styk., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper reflects a long-term ambiguity in the theoretical concept of affective phenomena. The focal point of this study is the conceptualization of the term “affect” with regard to the other affective phenomena (specifically emotion and mood). Our definition of affect is substantially different than existing Czech terminology and we define affect as the necessary component of all affective processes. Contrary to the Czech traditional concept of affect, we do not attribute characteristics such as “high intensity” or “disorganising influence” on cognitive processes, behaviour, etc. per se. We define affect in accordance with many authors, as a point in the continuum of affective stream and the basic unit of all affective phenomena. Affective phenomena or processes we consider as an umbrella term for a complex phenomenon like affect, emotion, mood, emotional episode, interpersonal attitude, sentiment, passion and so on: their common component is the affect. We consider emotion as a figure that emerges in the affective stream as a complex reaction to the event that has meaning for an individual and is interpreted with respect to the experience, context, individual characteristic, and sociocultural environment of the individual. Contrary to the Czech tradition, emotions are viewed as “just” one type of affective phenomena with a relatively specific definitional framework. The moods are considered parts of the affective stream continuum that have a specific and for consciousness accessible quality. The concepts of affect, emotion and mood discussed in this paper are contrasted; however, we have described where they overlap conceptually. The relationships of all affective phenomena have been considered as interacting with a tendency to synchronize into one (for an individual typical) affective stream., I. Poláčková Šolcová, R. Trnka., and Obsahuje seznam literatury