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412. Fictional names and truth
- Creator:
- Vallée, Richard
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- cognitive significance, fiction, names, reference, and truth
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- By addressing fictional names head on, we risk going back to familiar, ordinary names intuitions and missing what is specific about them. I propose a different strategy. My view is grounded on fictional name sentence utterances and on indexed tokens of such sentences, where an index contains the fictional narrator and the time and location of the token. Using the framework of pluri-propositionalism (Perry 2012), I argue that the semantic relation of reference – ''x'' refers to y - where ''x'' is a name, rather than the notion of an object, is central to the debate on fictional names. I also contend that fictional names do not enter into that relation. Tokens of fictional names are individuated with the fictional index of the sentence they originate from. This allows for dispensing with a referent. Indexed fictional name sentence tokens have semantically determined truth conditions, yet they are not truth assessed given facts. In this respect, they have cognitive significance only, and no official or referential content. Indexed fictional name token of sentences are accepted as true, but they are not true. and Tím, že se zaměříme na smyšlené názvy, riskujeme, že půjdeme zpět ke známým, obyčejným názvům intuice a postrádáme, co je o nich specifické. Navrhuji jinou strategii. Můj pohled je založen na fiktivních výrocích o věcech jména a na indexovaných tokenech takových vět, kde index obsahuje fiktivní vypravěče a čas a umístění tokenu. Použití rámce pluri-propositionalism (Perry 2012), já tvrdím, že sémantický vztah reference - ''x'' odkazuje na y - kde ''x'' je název, spíše než pojem objektu, je ústřední pro diskusi o fiktivní jména. Také se domnívám, že fiktivní jména nejsou v tomto vztahu. Tokeny fiktivních jmen jsou individualizovány fiktivním indexem věty, ze které pocházejí. To umožňuje vynechání referenta. Indexované tokeny fiktivních věty o jménech mají sémanticky určená pravdivostní podmínky, avšak vzhledem k faktům nejsou pravdivě hodnoceny. V tomto ohledu mají pouze kognitivní význam a žádný oficiální nebo referenční obsah. Indexované fiktivní jména věty jsou přijímány jako pravdivé, ale nejsou pravdivé.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
413. Fictional names, fictional characters and persons referred to in Narrative fiction
- Creator:
- Koťátko, Petr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fictional name, fictional world, literary character, and pretense
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The paper is based on a strict distinction between the notion of a person referred to by a fictional name, as uttered within a text of narrative fiction, and the notion of a fictional character. The literary functions of such a text require the reader to interpret the occurences of a fictional name as records of utterances of that name by the narrator, referring to that individual which has been assigned that name at the beginning of the chain to which these utterances belong. This, according to the author’s view, provides proper basis also for interpretation of various kinds of extratextual use of fictional names. A literary character is, on the contrary, an element of a construction of a literary work and is identified by a set of requirements (e.g. of the kind mentioned above) imposed by the text’s literary functions on the reader. The author attempts to justify the assumption that the referential function of fictional names so understood is to be interpreted as directed to the actual world (rather than to an artificial world created by the writer), to specify the (rather limited) role reserved for pretense within this approach, to explain the implications of this account of fictional characters for the dispute between realists and anti-realists in this field etc, Článek je založen na striktním rozlišení mezi pojmem osoby, na kterou se odkazuje fiktivní jméno, jak je uvedeno v textu narativní fikce, a pojmem fiktivní povahy. Literární funkce takového textu vyžadují, aby čtenář interpretoval výskyty fiktivního jména jako záznamy o projevech tohoto jména vypravěčem, odkazující na toho jednotlivce, kterému bylo toto jméno přiděleno na začátku řetězce, ke kterému tato slova patří . To podle názoru autora poskytuje náležitý základ i pro interpretaci různých druhů extratextuálního použití fiktivních jmen. Literární charakter je naopak prvek konstrukce literárního díla a je identifikován souborem požadavků (např. Výše zmíněného druhu), které kladou literární funkce textu na čtenáře., and Petr Koťátko
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
414. Fikce, skutečnost a radikální vyprávění
- Creator:
- Koťátko, Petr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fctional entities, fictional worlds, literary functions, and types of narration
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- The article focuses on the nature of the worlds of narrative fiction, ways of their representation, the status and identity conditions of fictional entities and correlatively on the role of singular terms in literary texts. According to the author, the basic question providing a proper framework for addressing such topics is: what does the reader have to do (to presuppose, to accept, to imagine) in order to allow the text of narrative fiction to fulfil its literary functions? The alternative is to start with the ''text itself'', i.e. sentences with their linguistic meanings (in abstraction from their literary functions), and ask what kind of material does the text provide to the interpreter, what does it enable him/her to identify and determine and what does it leave principially unidentifiable and underdetermined. According to the author, such an approach blocks the access (or makes impossible the return) to the text’s literary functions. The author defends certain specification of the interpretative attitude required by the literary functions of a text of narrative fiction from its reader. Among other things, he attempts to demonstrate its general applicability by analyzing a highly non-standard type of narration (labelled ''radical'')., Příspěvek se zaměřuje na podstatu světů narativní fikce, způsoby jejich reprezentace, stavové a identifikační podmínky fiktivních entit a korelační roli v roli singulárních pojmů v literárních textech. Podle autora je základní otázkou, která poskytuje vhodný rámec pro řešení těchto témat: co musí čtenář udělat (předpokládat, přijmout, představit si), aby text narativní fikce splnil své literární funkce? Alternativou je začít s ,,samotným textem'', tj. Větami s jejich jazykovými významy (v abstrakci z jejich literárních funkcí), a zeptat se, jaký materiál poskytuje text tlumočníkovi, co mu umožňuje identifikovat a určovat a co ponechává zásadně neidentifikovatelné a nedefinované. Podle autora takový přístup blokuje přístup (nebo znemožňuje návrat) k literárním funkcím textu. Autor obhajuje určitou specifikaci interpretačního postoje vyžadovaného literárními funkcemi textu narativní fikce z jeho čtenáře. Mimo jiné se pokouší prokázat svou obecnou použitelnost analýzou vysoce nestandardního typu vyprávění (označeného jako ,,radikál'')., and Petr Koťátko
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
415. Fiktívne objekty a ich vlastnosti: niekoľko problémov
- Creator:
- Zouhar, Marián
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- abstract object, encoding, exemplification, fictional object, Peter van Inwagen, and Edward Zalta
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Fictional objects are sometimes modelled as abstract entities; according to some theories, fictional objects are abstract artefacts, i.e. entities that are created by their authors, while according to some other theories, fictional objects are eternal Platonic entities. Both kinds of theories usually suggest that there are two types of relation between such an abstract object and its properties: to use a well-established nomenclature, a fictional object can be said to exemplify certain properties and encode some other properties. The aim of the present paper is to show that the exemplification vs. encoding distinction is not general enough. This is because it is possible to find properties that a fictional object obviously has in some sense, but it makes no good sense to say that it either exemplifies or encodes them. and Marián Zouhar
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
416. Filosofie jazyka jako autoreferenční terapie paradoxu
- Creator:
- Schuster, Radek
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Friedrich Waismann, logical analysis, paradox, philosophical grammar, and self-reference
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Self-reference as a common characteristic of paradoxes is usually regarded as a trouble-inducing principle which should be eliminated. Contrary to such view this paper aims to vindicate self-reference and declare its fundamental importance for our language. In the first part, self-referential contradictions (Liar, Burali-Forti, Russell, Richard etc.) are presented and their division to logical ones and epistemological ones introduced by Ramsey is contested. In the second part, Waismann’s therapeutic conception of philosophy, focused on clarifying grammar of language and at the same time emphasizing freedom and vision as the essence of philosophy, is expounded as an example of the semantic ascent that enables to treat not just self-referential paradoxes but philosophical problems in general as problems of language. In the final part, the solving paradoxes as matter of language in language itself is investigated and two main theses are put forward: 1) Self-reference is the key to solution of paradoxes; 2) Self-reference is to be considered as the essence of language in the widest sense., Vlastní reference jako společná charakteristika paradoxů je obvykle považována za princip vyvolávající potíže, který by měl být odstraněn. Na rozdíl od tohoto názoru se tento dokument snaží obhájit sebevědomí a deklarovat jeho zásadní význam pro náš jazyk. V první části jsou prezentovány sebekonferenční rozpory (Liar, Burali-Forti, Russell, Richard atd.) A jejich rozdělení na logické a epistemologické, které představil Ramsey. Ve druhé části je Waismannova terapeutická koncepce filosofie, zaměřená na objasnění gramatiky jazyka a zároveň zdůraznění svobody a vize jako podstaty filozofie, vysvětlena jako příklad sémantického výstupu, který umožňuje léčit nejen sebe-referenční paradoxy, ale filosofické problémy obecně jako problémy jazyka. V závěrečné části, řeší se paradoxy řeči jako jazyk jazyka samotného a předkládají se dvě hlavní teze: 1) Sebeovládání je klíčem k řešení paradoxů; 2) Sebeovládání se považuje za podstatu jazyka v nejširším smyslu., and Radek Schuster
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
417. Finding behavioral parameterization for a 1-D water balance model by multi-criteria evaluation
- Creator:
- Casper, Markus C., Mohajerani, Hadis , Hassler, Sibylle , Herdel, Tobias , and Blume, Theresa
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- forest evapotranspiration, water balance simulation, soil parameterization, and behavioral model
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Evapotranspiration is often estimated by numerical simulation. However, to produce accurate simulations, these models usually require on-site measurements for parameterization or calibration. We have to make sure that the model realistically reproduces both, the temporal patterns of soil moisture and evapotranspiration. In this study, we combine three sources of information: (i) measurements of sap velocities; (ii) soil moisture; and (iii) expert knowledge on local runoff generation and water balance to define constraints for a “behavioral” forest stand water balance model. Aiming for a behavioral model, we adjusted soil moisture at saturation, bulk resistance parameters and the parameters of the water retention curve (WRC). We found that the shape of the WRC influences substantially the behavior of the simulation model. Here, only one model realization could be referred to as “behavioral”. All other realizations failed for a least one of our evaluation criteria: Not only transpiration and soil moisture are simulated consistently with our observations, but also total water balance and runoff generation processes. The introduction of a multi-criteria evaluation scheme for the detection of unrealistic outputs made it possible to identify a well performing parameter set. Our findings indicate that measurement of different fluxes and state variables instead of just one and expert knowledge concerning runoff generation facilitate the parameterization of a hydrological model.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
418. Fitchův paradox poznatelnosti a rozvětvená teorie typů
- Creator:
- Raclavský, Jiří
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fitch’s knowability paradox, ramified theory of types, typing knowledge, Vicious Circle Principle, Fitchův paradox paradigmatu, rozvětvená teorie typů, znalost psaní, and princip Vicious Circle
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- It is already known that Fitch’s knowability paradox can be solved by typing knowledge within ramified theory of types. One of the aims of this paper is to provide a greater defence of the approach against recently raised criticism. My second goal is to make a sufficient support for an assumption which is needed for this particular application of typing knowledge but which is not inherent to ramified theory of types as such., Je již známo, že Fitchův paradox paradigmatu může být vyřešen typizací znalostí v rámci rozvětvené teorie typů. Jedním z cílů této práce je poskytnout větší ochranu přístupu proti nedávno vznesené kritice. Mým druhým cílem je poskytnout dostatečnou podporu předpokladu, který je pro tuto konkrétní aplikaci typického poznání potřebný, ale který není spojen s rozvětvenou teorií typů jako takovou., and Jiří Raclavský
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
419. Flattening the curve of moral imagination
- Creator:
- Beran, Ondřej
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- COVID-19 crisis, economic concerns, moral dilemmas, moral luck, and remorse
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper, I discuss some moral dilemmas related to the COVID-19 crisis and their framing (mainly) in the public debate. The key assumption to engage with is this: that we need primarily to take into account the long-term economic consequences of the proposed safety measures of social distancing. I argue that the long-term economic concerns, though legitimate, cannot suspend the irreducibly moral nature of the demand placed on the decision-makers by those who are vulnerable, at risk, or in need of medical treatment. This is discussed in relation to two points: 1) The political endeavour and rhetoric of “flattening the curve” is not necessarily short-sighted but expresses the acknowledgment of a legitimate expectation placed on elected representatives. 2) Not being able to prevent harm (to those who are in real need, or otherwise vulnerable) may lead to genuine moral distress, even if it is not clear whether it was in one’s, or anybody’s, powers to prevent the situation, or even if the best possible outcome has been otherwise reached. The second point may be understood as a part of the broader context of the established criticisms of utilitarianism.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
420. Flood regime of rivers in the Danube River basin
- Creator:
- Pekárová, Pavla
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Slovak
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public