The boundary conditions and loading ways of geostress field of oil and gas trap are the difficulties in the numerical simulation and geomechanical analysis. Owing to the limited data of geostress, unclear tectonic movement and complex geological structure, the stress field cannot be solved directly. Boundary load inversion is a very important method to analyze the stress field of rock mass. Based on the measured in-situ stress of S4 member in C41 fault block of Liangjialou oilfield, the boundary loads of the geological body stress field are inversely calculated. Meanwhile, the optimal boundary stress obtained by the inverse modeling is used to study the stress field near the fault. This method can overcome the shortcomings of common back analysis, such as boundary load adjustment method and regression method, and improve the calculation accuracy of stress field. The results show that the inversion method is simple, reliable, accurate and fast. The distribution of stress field can well reflect the in homogeneity of the magnitude and direction of the stress field near the fault. Therefore, this method has a certain application value in boundary load inversion, and the initial stress field distribution of faults provides a precondition for local stability.
The three species of woolly flying squirrels of the genus Eupetaurus are amongst the rarest and least studied mammals in the world. The different species are known to occur from only a few locations in the western, north-central and south-eastern margins of the Himalayas. Though the genus has been recorded in Bhutan, there has been no confirmed evidence until now. Here we confirm for the first time the presence of Eupetaurus in Bhutan and discuss some records of mammals and birds with which it co-exists. The woolly flying squirrel was photographed by camera trap during a rapid biodiversity survey in the north-eastern part of Jigme Dorji National Park. From the three widely disjunct populations of Eupetaurus, the external pelage and appearance of this specimen appears to most closely resemble Eupetaurus nivamons. This record warrants further study to confirm identification and better understand its morphology, habitat selection and distribution in Bhutan.
The mitochondrial genome of Mesomelena mesomelaena (Loew, 1848) is the first to be sequenced in the flesh fly subfamily Miltogramminae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). The 14,559 bp mitogenome contains 37 typical metazoan mitochondrial genes: 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes, with the same locations as in the insect ground plan. All the protein-coding genes have the start codon ATN, except for cox1 (TCG). Eight protein-coding genes have the stop codon TAA, while the remaining five have the stop codon T (cox1, cox2, nad5, and nad4) or TAG (cytb). Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates (Ks and Ka) for each protein-coding gene indicate that these genes evolved primarily under negative (or purifying) selection (Ka < Ks). Phylogeny of Sarcophagidae is proposed based on all the sarcophagid mitogenomes in GenBank, and the subfamily topology is reconstructed as (Sarcophaginae (Paramacronychiinae, Miltogramminae))., Liping Yan, Ming Zhang, Yunyun Gao, Thomas Pape, Dong Zhang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors that influence the development and growth in Drosophila. The food composition strongly affects their reproduction, welfare and survival, so it is necessary for flies to search for a mixture of macronutrients that maximizes their fitness. We have five D. melanogaster strains, which were reared for 13 years on five different substrates: standard cornmeal-agar-sugar-yeast medium and four substrates modified by adding tomato, banana, carrot and apple. This study was aimed at determining how such long-term rearing of flies on substrates with different protein content affects fitness traits (dynamics of eclosion, developmental time and egg-to-adult survival). Further, we determined how transferring flies reared on fruit/vegetable substrates to a standard laboratory diet affected their fitness. Results indicate that strains reared on the diet with the lowest content of protein and the highest C/N ratio had the slowest eclosion and developmental time, and lowest egg-to-adult survival (apple diet). The flies reared on the diet with the highest protein content and the lowest C/N ratio had the highest survival (tomato diet). Flies reared on the carrot diet, which is quite similar in protein content and C/N ratio to the standard cornmeal diet, had the fastest development. Transferring flies to the standard cornmeal diet accelerate eclosion and developmental time, but did not affect survival., Jelena Trajković, Vukica Vujić, Dragana Miličić, Gordana Gojgić-Cvijović, Sofija Pavković-Lučić, Tatjana Savić., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Recent examinations of some marine fishes from off the southern coast of Iraq revealed the presence of five species of Philometra Costa, 1845 (Nematoda: Philometridae): Philometra arabiensis sp. n. (males and females) from the ovary of the shrimp scad Alepes djedaba (Forsskål) (Carangidae, Carangiformes), Philometra psettoditis Moravec, Walter et Yuniar, 2012 (females) from the body cavity of the Indian halibut Psettodes erumei (Bloch et Schneider) (Psettodidae, Pleuronectiformes), Philometra terapontis Moravec, Gopalakrishnan, Rajkumar, Saravanakumar et Kaliyamoorthy, 2011 (female) from the ovary of the jarbua terapon Terapon jarbua (Forsskål) (Terapontidae, Centrarchiformes), Philometra sp. (females) from the ovary of the Arabian blackspot threadfin Polydactylus mullani (Hora) (Polynemidae, Carangariformes) and Philometra sp. 2 of Moravec et al. (2016a) (females) from the ovary and body cavity of the bartail flathead Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus) (Platycephalidae, Perciformes). Philometra arabiensis sp. n. is mainly characterised by the length of spicules (198-243 µm) and gubernaculum (75-99 µm), the gubernaculum/spicule length ratio (1 : 2.33-2.79), the structure of the gubernaculum distal portion and the male caudal end, and the body length of males (1.86-2.73 mm). The present findings of P. psettoditis and P. terapontis in fishes of the Arabian Gulf represent new geographical records for these parasites.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in bone metabolism and participate in the mechanically induced bone alterations. The underlying molecular mechanisms by which fluid shear stress (FSS) regulate the proliferative and apoptotic phenotypic changes of osteoblasts remain elusive. The study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of FSS on osteoblast proliferative and apoptotic phenotypes and the roles of miR-214-3p-ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) signaling axis in the mechanomodulation processes. FSS promoted the proliferative activity of osteoblasts and suppressed mitochondrial-mediated osteoblast apoptosis. FSS decreased miR-214-3p expression and increased ATF4 expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. MiR-214-3p inhibited osteoblast proliferative activity and promoted mitochondrialmediated osteoblast apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-214-3p attenuated FSS-enhanced osteoblast proliferation and FSS-suppressed mitochondrial-mediated osteoblast apoptosis. We validated that ATF4 acted as a target gene of miR-214-3p. Moreover, miR-214-3p regulated osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis through targeting ATF4. Taken together, our study proved that FSS could suppress mitochondrial-mediated osteoblast apoptosis and promote osteoblast proliferation through the miR-214-3p-ATF4 signaling axis.
Fluid shear stress (FSS) plays an important role in osteoblast apoptosis. However, the role of miRNA in osteoblast apoptosis under FSS and possible molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Our aim of the study was to explore whether miR-146a-5p regulates osteoblast apoptosis under FSS and its molecular mechanisms. FSS could down-regulate the expression of miR146a-5p in MC3T3-E1 cells. We confirm that up-regulation of miR-146a-5p promotes osteoblasts apoptosis and downregulation of miR-146a-5p inhibits osteoblasts apoptosis. We further demonstrated that FSS inhibits osteoblast apoptosis by down-regulated miR-146a-5p. Dual-luciferase reporter assay validated that SMAD4 is a direct target gene of miR-146a-5p. In addition, mimic-146a-5p suppressed FSS-induced up-regulation of SMAD4 protein levels, which suggests that FSS elevated SMAD4 protein expression levels via regulation miR-146a-5p. Further investigations showed that SMAD4 could inhibit osteoblast apoptosis. We demonstrated that miR-146a-5p regulates osteoblast apoptosis via targeting SMAD4. Taken together, our present study showed that FSS-induced downregulation miR-146a-5p inhibits osteoblast apoptosis via target SMAD4. These findings may provide novel mechanisms for FSS to inhibit osteoblast apoptosis, and also may provide a potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
We studied diet and prey preferences of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) inhabiting south-east Poland, based on kills found during GPS-GSM telemetry and opportunistic winter tracking. Among 64 lynx kills were roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (91%), red deer (Cervus elaphus) (3%) and brown hare (Lepus europaeus) (6%). From the ungulate community, lynx selected roe deer (D = 0.845) and avoided all other ungulates. We recorded one case of surplus and two cases of parallel killing. Lynx visited the same killed roe deer on average for 2.3 days, and for up to six days when surplus or parallel killing occurred. High numbers of the roe deer in south-east Poland supports the persistence of the lynx, but we urge managers to take under consideration food requirements of the lynx when planning game management.
After a boom in foreign-currency denominated (forex) mortgage loans in the 2000s and the resulting debt crisis in 2008-2009, Hungary’s debt management came to be defined by a highly politicised combination of several phenomena: the existence of a large social base at risk of defaulting on their mortgages; the integration of debtors’ struggles into a shift from the post-socialist dominance of neoliberalism to a national conservative political hegemony during the crisis years; and the political foregrounding of forex debt management in the post-2010 Orbán governments’ construction of a new financial model as part of a post-neoliberal authoritarian capitalist regime. The article traces how two main aspects of the forex mortgage crisis, housing debt under dependent financialisation and the problem of limited housing access, became integrated into Hungary’s electoral politics and macroeconomic transformation in the last decade.