Objectives. People with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) show a number of executive function deficits which are related, among other things, to difficulties in perceiving time. Deficiencies in time perception have been demonstrated in children and adults with ADHD. Perception of time is usually measured by quantitative methods at very short time intervals, which are not related to application in everyday life.Methods. The presented mix-methods study therefore focuses on the perception of time in short and long intervals in the context of the actual real life of the subjects. The study presents the results of an analysis of interviews with 20 adults with varying levels of ADHD symptoms, which included 1) a life line technique and a follow-up narrative interview about significant life events and perceptions of their time sequence, and 2) a short stress management interview and subjective efficiency of coping strategies. The respondents were chosen based on their results in the ASRS questionnaire which measures the severity of ADHD symptomatology. The results of the qualitative part were compared with the findings from the quantitative analysis of the development of the scenario of a situation containing a motivational conflict (N = 1518). Results. The results showed that people with ADHD, compared to the control group, more often choose less adaptive solutions in the field of time-related life situations. Nevertheless, in their own lives, most of them were able to state specific procedures that work for them while coping with the burden of ADHD. However, there was a difference in the extent of ADHD symptomatology compensation. External structuring of stress activities (through graphic visualization, e.g.) was most often cited as the best practice. and Problém. Osoby s ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) vykazují řadu deficitů v oblasti exekutivních funkcí, které souvisí mimo jiné i s obtížemi ve vnímání času. Nedostatky v časové percepci byly prokázány u dětí i dospělých s ADHD. Vnímání času je obvykle měřeno kvantitativními metodami na velmi krátkých časových intervalech, které nesouvisí s uplatněním v každodenním životě. Metoda. Prezentovaná studie se smíšeným designem se proto zaměřuje na vnímání času v krátkých i dlouhých časových intervalech v kontextu vlastního reálného života zkoumaných osob. Studie prezentuje výsledky analýzy rozhovorů s 20 dospělými osobami s různou úrovní ADHD symptomů, které zahrnovaly 1) techniku čáry života a na ni navazující narativní rozhovor o významných událostech života a vnímání jejich časové souslednosti a 2) rozhovor o zvládání krátké zátěže s důrazem na subjektivní efektivitu copingových strategií. Tito respondenti byli vybráni na základě výsledků dotazníku ASRS měřící míru ADHD symptomatologie. Výsledky kvalitativní části byly srovnávány se zjištěními z kvantitativní analýzy vývoje scénáře situace obsahující motivační konflikt (N = 1518). Výsledky. Výsledky ukázaly, že osoby s projevy ADHD ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou v oblasti řešení životních situací souvisejících s časem volí častěji méně adaptivní řešení. Přesto ve vlastním životě byla většina z osob schopna uvést konkrétní copingové postupy, které se jim při zvládání zátěže osvědčují. Odlišnost však existovala s ohledem na míru kompenzovaných projevů ADHD. Jako osvědčený postup byla nejčastěji uváděna externí strukturace zátěžových aktivit (např. za pomocí grafické vizualizace).
RNA interference (RNAi) technology uses dsRNAs to silence specific targeted genes by downregulating their expression. It has become a potent tool for functional and regulatory studies of insect genes and has potential to be applied for insect control. Though it has been challenging to generate effective RNAi in lepidopteran insects, in the current study this technology was applied to develop specific RNAi-based molecular tools that could be used to negatively impact the invasive lepidopteran forest pest, gypsy moth (GM). GM midgut-specific genes were selected for dsRNA design from larval transcriptome profiles. Two methods were used to produce specific dsRNAs, bacterial expression and in vitro synthesis, which were then fed per os to GM larvae. Depletion of uncharacterized gene targets known as locus 365 and locus 28365, or their stacked combination, depleted target transcripts in a sequence specific manner and resulted in 60% reduction in body mass. Treated GM females that were able to moult to the adult stage displayed an approximately two-fold reduction in egg masses. These have potential to be developed as molecular biopesticides for GM., Saikat Kumar B. Ghosh, Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The expansion of urban areas is one of the most significant anthropogenic impacts on the natural landscape. Due to their sensitivity to stressors in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, dragonflies and damselflies (the Odonata) may provide insights into the effects of urbanisation on biodiversity. However, while knowledge about the impacts of urbanisation on odonates is growing, there has not been a comprehensive review of this body of literature until now. This is the first systematic literature review conducted to evaluate both the quantity and topics of research conducted on odonates in urban ecosystems. From this research, 79 peer-reviewed papers were identified, the vast majority (89.87%) of which related to studies of changing patterns of biodiversity in urban odonate communities. From the papers regarding biodiversity changes, 31 were performed in an urban-rural gradient and 21 of these reported lower diversity towards built up city cores. Twelve of the cases of biodiversity loss were directly related to the concentrations of pollutants in the water. Other studies found higher concentrations of pollutants in odonates from built-up catchments and suggested that odonates such as Aeshna juncea and Platycnemis pennipes may be candidate indicators for particular contaminants. We conclude by identifying current research needs, which include the need for more studies regarding behavioural ecology and life-history traits in response to urbanisation, and a need to investigate the mechanisms behind diversity trends beyond pollution., Giovanna Villalobos-Jiménez, Alison M. Dunn, Christopher Hassall., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Příspěvek se zabývá institutem tzv. dříve vyslovených přání, přičemž zahrnuje jak některé právní, tak i některé etické problémy. Zejména se soustředí na otázky, které ještě v české odborné literatuře nebyly řešeny. V první části je shrnuta užívaná terminologie a historie institutu. Kromě toho jsou zmíněny tři modely dříve vyslovených přání, tzv. living will, substitute decision-making (rozhodování zvoleným zástupcem) a konečně tzv. values history (historie hodnot pacienta). Ve druhé části je shrnuta úprava v České republice. Ve třetí se pak článek zabývá konkrétními právními a etickými problémy., This article deals with advance directive and some legal and ethical issues associated with them. Its main purpose is to show some problems which haven´t been solved in Czech professional literature. The first part of this article summarizes terminology and history of this medical institute. Three models of advance directives are mentioned as well - living will, substitute decision-making and values history. The second part summarizes Czech legislation and its development. The last part speaks about some crucial ethical and legal issues associated with advance directives., and Adam Doležal.
Apple rootstock seedling M.9-T337 was selected to explore the effect of drought stress. The findings indicated that the relative water content of both the leaf and soil gradually decreased with an increase in drought stress. The water-use efficiency of the leaves increased gradually but decreased sharply after 20 d of drought. Changes in the gas-exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters reflected the gradual decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of the plants with drought stress duration. Infrared thermal imaging showed significant temperature differences between the drought-stressed and control plants after 15 d of drought treatment. When irreversible damage occurred under drought stress, the crop water-stress index and relative water content of the leaf and soil were 0.7, 60.5, and 17.8%, respectively. Based on the results, we formulated a drought stress-grade standard. Further, we established that the best time for irrigation is when drought stress reaches grade 3., D. T. Gao, C. Y. Shi, Q. L. Li, Z. F. Wei, L. Liu, J. R. Feng., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The article deals with damages for psychological injuries. From the methodological point of view, the so-called general to concrete approach is followed, so the general questions that arise in the area of damages for psychological injuries shall be answered first. Subsequently, selected specifics of determining the duty to provide with the compensation of psychological injuries damages (especially causal link) and of determining the amount of compensation for it will be analysed. The article does not address the general principles related to the personal injury damages, although some features may be similar. and Článek se zabývá problematikou odčiňování duševních újem na zdraví. Metodologicky je postupováno tzv. od obecného ke konkrétnímu, nejprve proto budou zodpovězeny obecné otázky vyvstávající při odčiňování duševních újem na zdraví. Následně budou analyzována vybraná specifika při stanovení povinnosti k odčinění duševní újmy na zdraví (zejména příčinná souvislost) a při určení výše náhrady za ni. Článek se nezabývá obecnými principy a východisky odčiňování nemateriálních újem na zdraví, i když v některých rysech mohou být vybrané problémy podobné.
Studie představuje výsledky výzkumu zaměřeného na psychologické dopady spojené s epidemií covid-19 v České republice v průběhu měsíců březen–květen 2020. Cílem studie je sledovat a popsat dynamiku psychologických ukazatelů v čase, s ohledem na vývoj situace v ČR – od prvního nárůstu počtu nakažených a výrazných restrikcí, přes kulminaci a ústup první vlny epidemie, až k pomalému návratu do stavu uvolněných restrikcí. Výzkum pracuje se souborem 2716 respondentů ve věku 18–89 let, kteří se zúčastnili on-line dotazníkového šetření, případně byli dotazováni trénovanými výzkumnými asistenty (zejm. v případě seniorů a dalších osob, kteří neměli přístup k internetu). Výzkumná data zahrnovala deskriptivy účastníků a výsledky psychologických testů zaměřených na emoční stavy respondentů, jejich psychický nepokoj (distres) a přítomnost úzkosti a deprese. Tyto psychologické ukazatele byly sledovány jak v celém souboru, tak ve skupinách podle pohlaví a věku. Výsledky dokládají, že nastalá epidemická situace souvisela s výrazným nárůstem negativního emočního prožívání, se symptomatikou psychického nepokoje, úzkostí a depresí, a to až do období kulminace. Poté bylo zaznamenáno postupné zlepšování psychického stavu dotazovaných osob. Negativní dopady byly výraznější v populaci mladších dospělých a v populaci žen. Výsledky poukazují také na rozdílnosti v míře reportovaného stresu u izolovaných osob, které byly dotazovány zprostředkovaně (asistenty), oproti osobám, které reportovaly svůj stav přímo do dotazníku. V případě nezprostředkovaného dotazování byly hodnoty negativních psychických ukazatelů vyšší, oproti osobám, které byly dotazovány asistenty. and The study presents the results of a screening focused on the psychological impact associated with the outbreak and further development of COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech population during March – May 2020. The aim of the study was to investigate temporal dynamics of psychological impact covering the first wave of the epidemic, i.e., first phases of the epidemic growth, culmination, decrease, and slow return to a normal lifestyle. The sample of 2716 respondents aged between 18 and 89 years participated in an online survey from March 18th to May 25th, 2020; part of them (typically seniors and others, who had not access to the internet) were assisted in entering the data by trained interviewers. The survey comprised questionnaires capturing emotional states, psychological disturbance, anxiety, and depression. The changes in the scores by pandemic phase (time frame) were studied for the whole sample and for gender and age groups. The results show that the threat of COVID-19 caused a significant increase in negative emotional experience and in the symptoms of psychological disturbance, anxiety, and depression in the Czech population in time of infection culmination, even when the spread of the pandemic was well controlled, and then a gradual decline over time. The data indicated that the pandemic situation had a more pronounced impact on women and younger adults. The study also showed that in situations of pandemic stress associated with isolation, when isolated people are interviewed about their mental state, their reports on negative experiencing might be significantly reduced compared to direct anonymous selfreports data entry.
Translocations of individuals for re-introductions and population reinforcements have been increasingly used in carnivore conservation. Movement is the first behavioural response of reintroduced animals to “forced dispersal” in a new habitat. Our study investigated space use and movement patterns of six male Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) translocated from the Carpathian to the Dinaric Mountains and released at four different sites in Croatia and Slovenia. Data were collected during their early post-release period (i.e. three months after the release) to investigate the first behavioural response following the translocation. Released lynx were monitored with GPS-GSM-VHF telemetry collars set to collect GPS locations in intervals between 4 and 24 h. All animals settled during the study period, on average 23 days (SD = 16.5) after the release. Although outside of the monitoring period that was the focus of this study, two lynx left their first territory 102 and 92 days after their release and went on a second exploratory movement. The main movement direction of the released animals was to the NW-SE, corresponding to the orientation of the predominant ridgelines of the Dinaric Mountain range. Furthermore, by comparing the use and availability of the terrain aspect, we concluded that the lynx chose to move along the mountain range and not perpendicular to the mountain, i.e. they avoided moving uphill and downhill. First kill sites of all animals were detected on average 3.4 days (SD = 1.7) after the release. This study brought valuable theoretical and practical knowledge on the early movement behaviour of translocated lynx that should be considered when planning translocations.
Uterus transplantation (UTx) is a promising treatment option for women who wish to give birth but suffer from absolute uterine factor infertility. This paper presents an interim analysis of a trial focusing on the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and management of graft thrombosis. Our team analyzed 10 cases of UTx (recipients numbered 1 to 10). Early thrombosis developed in 2 of 10 (20 %) recipients, and thrombectomy and temporary viability preservation were achieved in both cases. However, re-thrombosis developed in both cases, and a graft hysterectomy was carried out. In recipient number 2, vascular changes might have contributed to graft thrombosis. The histopathological finding of the explant revealed subintimal excentric fibrosis with focal sclerotic changes. In recipient number 8, thrombosis was facilitated by external compression of the vascular pedicles by the hematoma as well as production of de novo donor-specific antibodies. Thrombosis led to graft loss in both cases despite an attempt at a thrombectomy. Therefore, the focus must be on the prevention including a thorough evaluation of the donor candidate. In the postoperative course, perfusion is closely followed-up with an ultrasound, Doppler flow monitoring, and macroscopic evaluation of the cervix. In the case that findings are unclear, a relaparotomy should be promptly indicated. If thrombosis is revealed, a thrombectomy and an attempt to salvage of the graft are indicated; however, the role of this strategy is questionable due to the low chance of long-term success. The indication of upfront graft removal and early retransplantation in the treatment of uterine graft remains debatable.
Based on light and electron microscopical studies, a new nematode parasite, Echinocephalus inserratus sp. n. (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae), is described from the spiral valve of the broad cowtail stingray Pastinachus ater (Macleay) (Dasyatidae, Myliobatiformes) from off New Caledonia. The new species is morphologically and biometrically most similar to Echinocephalus overstreeti Deardorff et Ko, 1983, differing from it mainly in the absence of serrations on the posterior parts of pseudolabia and on interlabia, and in having a longer gubernaculum (150-299 µm long). Morphologically unidentifiable, mostly encapsulated larvae of Echinocephalus spp. were recorded from the following six species of teleost fishes collected in New Caledonian waters, serving as paratenic hosts: Perciformes: Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål) (Sparidae) and Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) (Nemipteridae); Tetraodontiformes: Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous), Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch et Schneider) (both Balistidae), Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin) (Tetraodontidae) and Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus) (Monacanthidae). Co-parasitising larvae of Ascarophis sp. and Hysterothylacium sp. were also collected from P. fuscus. All these findings represent new host and geographical records. A key to valid species of Echinocephalus Molin, 1858 is provided.