Karcinom prostaty, močového měchýře a ledviny patří k nejčastějším maligním onemocněním. Riziko všech těchto zhoubných nádorů narůstá s přibývajícím věkem. Ve stárnoucí populaci vyspělých zemí představuje uroonkologie závažný medicínský problém. Přehledný článek shrnuje současné poznatky o epidemiologii. diagnostice a léčbě těchto onemocněni s akcentem na šetrné postupy vhodné pro starší nemocné., Carcinomas of prostate, urinary bladder and kidney are common malignancies. Risk of these malignant tumors is increasing in the old age. Urooncological diseases represent serious problem in the aging population of advanced countries. The article gives an overview and short summary of recent opinions on epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment of these tumors especially in the older age., Ivan Kolombo, Pavel Beňo, Michal Toběrný, and Lit. 19
In this paper the concept of a fuzzy contraction∗ mapping on a fuzzy metric space is introduced and it is proved that every fuzzy contraction∗ mapping on a complete fuzzy metric space has a unique fixed point.
In the pulmonary circulation, resistive and compliant properties
overlap in the same vessels. Resistance varies nonlinearly with
pressure and flow; this relationship is driven by the elastic
properties of the vessels. Linehan et al. (1982) correlated the
mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mean flow with resistance
using an original equation incorporating the distensibility of the
pulmonary arteries. The goal of this study was to validate this
equation in an in vivo porcine model. In vivo measurements were
acquired in 6 pigs. The distensibility coefficient (DC) was
measured by placing piezo-electric crystals around the pulmonary
artery (PA). In addition to experiments under pulsatile conditions,
a right ventricular (RV) bypass system was used to induce
a continuous pulmonary flow state. The Linehan's equation was
then used to predict the pressure from the flow under continuous
flow conditions. The diameter-derived DC was 2.4 %/mmHg
(±0.4 %), whereas the surface area-based DC was 4.1 %/mmHg
(±0.1 %). An increase in continuous flow was associated with
a constant decrease in resistance, which correlated with the
diameter-based DC (r=-0.8407, p=0.044) and the surface areabased DC (r=-0.8986, p=0.028). In contrast to the Linehan’s
equation, our results showed constant or even decreasing
pressure as flow increased. Using a model of continuous
pulmonary flow induced by an RV assist system, pulmonary
pressure could not be predicted based on the flow using the
Linehan’s equation. Measurements of distensibility based on the
diameter of the PA were inversely correlated with the resistance.
Bio-degradable stents are be made of different synthetic polymers (like polylactide or polyglycolide) or their co-polymers (polydioxanone). They can be used for treating benign stenoses of the small and large intestine, particularly in Crohn’s disease. Endoscopic introduction of bio-degradable stents into small and large intestinal stenoses is feasible and relatively simple. Initial results are encouraging and the complication rate is low. However, there are still some difficulties that need to be overcome. The rate of early stent migration is still rather high (up to one third of patients). This might be solved by changes in the shape or rigidity of the stents as well as by further improvement in the design. Proof of long-term efficacy and safety requires further studies., Stanislav Rejchrt, Jan Bureš, Jan Brožík, Marcela Kopáčová, and Literatura 52
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive method for the assessment of gastric myoelectrical activity. Porcine EGG is comparable with human one. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of atropine and neostigmine on the EGG in experimental pigs. Adult female pigs were administrated atropine (1.5 mg i.m., n=6) and neostigmine (0.5 mg i.m., n=6) after the baseline EGG, followed by a 90-min trial recording (MMS, Enschede, the Netherlands). Running spectral analysis was used for the evaluation. The results were expressed as dominant frequency of slow waves and EGG power (areas of amplitudes). Neostigmine increased continuously the dominant frequency and decreased significantly the EGG power. Atropine did not change the dominant frequency significantly. However, atropine increased significantly the EGG power (areas of amplitudes) from basal values to the maximum at the 10-20-min interval. After that period, the areas of amplitudes decreased significantly to the lowest values at the 60-90-min interval. In conclusion, cholinergic and anticholinergic agents affect differently EGG in experimental pigs., J. Květina, I. Tachecí, M. Pavlík, M. Kopáčová, S. Rejchrt, T. Douda, M. Kuneš, J. Bureš., and Obsahuje bibliografii