A mathematical description is presented of osmotic flows across both ideally semipermeable membranes and membranes permeable not only for the solvent but also for the solute. The principles of thermodynamics of irreversible processes used for the description are given and illustrated on the example of electroosmosis. Modern ideas about the physical basis of osmotic pressure on porous membranes are discussed and an experiment is described that models the processes of osmosis on a macroscopic level., K. Janáček, K. Sigler., and Obsahuje bibliografii
his study traces the changing portrayals of Maria Theresa in the writings of the most important Czech historians (F. M. Pelcl, W. W. Tomek, J. Kalousek, B. Rieger, J. Svátek, J. Pekař and J. Prokeš) up until the end of the First Republic. It also considers the works of popular chroniclers, the French historian E. Denis, and school textbooks. The author shows that from the end of the 18th century to the 1930s Czech historiography presented an image of Maria Theresa as an exceptionally capable ruler whose wide-ranging reforms brought considerable progress in many different spheres of life both in Bohemia and the monarchy as a whole. From the outset, however, there was also criticism of various aspects of her policies that were perceived as inimical to the Czech nation. First there was Germanization, especially in the education system; then, from the 1860s, the centralizing tendency of administrative reforms that threatened the (albeit limited) autonomy of the Czech state and opened the door to dualism. This criticism was especially abrasive in the works of J. Kalousek, B. Rieger and J. Svátek. Some even pointed to an actively hostile attitude on the part of the empress towards the Czech Lands. As the proliferation of factual evidence consolidated the positive image of the great monarch, critical assessments became more objective, though they never disappeared altogether. It is worth noting that, with few exceptions, the positive importance of absolutist enlightenment reforms for the emergence of the modern Czech nation-state was often overlooked., Eduard Maur., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Cieľ: Osobnostné charakteristiky môžu významným spôsobom ovplyvňovať individuálne schopnosti jedinca zvládať vyhorenie. Cieľom tejto výskumnej štúdie bolo preskúmať vzťah medzi osobnostnými charakteristikami sebaúcty a zmyslu pre integritu a syndrómom vyhorenia u študentov pomáhajúcich profesií. Metódy: Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 109 univerzitných študentov denného bakalárskeho štúdia odborov ošetrovateľstva, pôrodnej asistencie, verejného zdravotníctva a psychológie (priemerný vek 20,64±2,74; 86,1 % žien). Na meranie úrovne syndrómu vyhorenia bola použitá Škála syndrómu vyhorenia v škole (SBI); ďalej boli použité Antonovského škála zmyslu pre integritu (SOC) a Rosenbergova škála sebaúcty (RSS). Na štatistické spracovanie údajov bola použitá korelačná analýza (r) a viacnásobná lineárna regresná analýza. Výsledky: Bol zistený významný negatívny vzťah medzi syndrómom vyhorenia a osobnostnými charakteristikami sebaúcty (r = -0,33, P≤0,01) a zmyslom pre integritu (r = -0,40, P ≤ 0,01); teda vysoká sebaúcta a vysoká úroveň zmyslu pre integritu bola spojená s nižším vyhorením u študentov. Ako významný prediktor syndrómu vyhorenia v rámci regresnej analýzy sa ukázal najmä zmysel pre integritu (β = -0,36; 95 % konfidenčný interval: -0,50, -0,06). Záver: Osobnostné faktory sa ukázali ako významne prepojené so syndrómom vyhorenia u študentov. Keďže predispozície využívané pri zvládaní nárokov štúdia majú tendenciu pretrvávať aj neskôr počas profesionálnej praxe, je možné predpokladať, že zlepšovanie zručností zvládania stresu u študentov je užitočné v prevencii neskoršieho výskytu vyhorenia., Aim: Personality characteristic might be important factors influencing the individual abilities to cope with the burnout syndrome. Aim of the study was to examine the relationship between personality factors such as self-evaluation and sense of coherence and burnout syndrome among university students of helping professions. Methods: Together 109 university students of nursing, obstetrics, public health and psychology were included in the study (average age 20.64 ±2.74, 86.1% females). Scale Burnout Inventory (SBI) in the school was used for assessing the burnout levels. Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC) and Rosenberger’s Self Esteem Scale (SES) were used as well. Correlation analysis (r) and multiple linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis of results. Results: Significant negative relationship was found between burnout syndrome and self esteem (r = -0.33, P ≤ 0.01), as well as sense of coherence (r = -0.40, P ≤ 0.01); it means that higher levels of self esteem and sense of coherence was associated with lower burnout syndrome levels among students. In the linear regression model, burnout syndrome was significantly predicted by sense of coherence (β = -0.36; 95% Confidence Interval: - 0.50, -0.06). Conclusion: Personality characteristics were found to be significantly associated with the burnout levels in our study. As coping strategies applied during the study tend to be significantly associated with the strategies later applied at work, it is possible to assume that improving stress managing competences among students will be useful in prevention of later burnout syndrome onset., Zuzana Škodová, Ľubica Bánovčinová, and Literatura
Osteochondritis dissecans(OCD) of the knee is identified with increasing frequency in the adolescent patient. Left untreated, OCD can cause significant impairment and restriction in physical activity and development of osteoarthritis at an early age. The diagnosis of lesions of OCD can be confirmed on plain radiographs. MRI has emerged as the gold standard to evaluate the stability of the lesion and the integrity of the overlying articular cartilage. Treatment of OCD lesions depend on the stability of the lesion. Stable lesions can be treated conservatively by physical activity modification and immobilization. Unstable lesions and stable lesions not responding to conservative measures should be treated surgically. Surgical options range from arthroscopic drilling, either transarticular or extra-articular drilling for stable lesions or salvage procedures such as autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT), mosaicplasty to restore joint and cartilage congruency. and H. H. Shaikh, J. Vícha, T. Proček, J. Pavlata, T. Kučera
This article reviews the development of artificial bone substitutes from their older single-phase forms to novel multi-phase composites, mimicking the composition and architecture of natural bone tissue. The new generation of bone implants should be bioactive, i.e. they should induce the desired cellular responses, leading to integration of the material into the natural tissue and stimulating self-healing processes. Therefore, the first part of the review explains the common principles of the cellmaterial interaction and summarizes the strategies how to improve the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the materials by modifying the physico-chemical properties of the material surface, such as surface chemistry, wettability, electrical charge, rigidity, microroughness and especially nanoroughness. The latter has been shown to stimulate preferentially the growth of osteoblasts in comparison with other competitive cell types, such as fibroblasts, which could prevent fibrous tissue formation upon implantation. The second more specialized part of the review deals with materials suitable for bone contact and substitution, particularly novel polymer-based composites reinforced with fibres or inorganic particles and containing bioactive components, such as crystals of hydroxyapatite or other calcium phosphates, synthetic ligands for cell adhesion receptors or growth factors. Moreover, if they are degradable, they can be gradually replaced with a regenerating tissue., B. Vagaská ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been repeatedly shown to be able to repair bone defects. The aim of this study was to characterize the osteog enic differentiation of miniature pig MSCs and markers of this differentiation in vitro . Flow-cytometrically characterized MSCs were seeded on cultivation plastic (collagen I and vitronectin coated/uncoated) or plasma clot (PC)/plasma- alginate clot (PAC) scaffolds and differentiated in osteogenic medium. During three weeks of differentiation, the formation of nodules and deposition of calcium were visualized by Alizarin Red Staining. In addition, the production of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantitatively detected by fluorescence. The expression of osteopontin, osteonectin and osteocalcin were assayed by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot analysis. We revealed a decrease of osteopontin expression in 2D and 3D environment during differentiation. The weak initial osteonectin signal, culminating on 7th or 14th day of differentiation, depends on collagen I and vitronectin coating in 2D system. The highest activity of ALP was detected on 21th day of osteogenic differentiation. The PC scaffolds provided better conditions for osteogenic differentiation of MSCs than PAC scaffolds in vitro . We also observed expected effects of collagen I and vitronectin on the acceleration of osteogenic differentiation of miniature pig MSC. Our results indicate similar ability of miniature pig MSCs osteogenic differentiation in 2D and 3D environment, but the expression of osteogenic marker s in scaffolds and ECM coated monolayers started earlier than in the monolayers without ECM., J. Juhásová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
BACKGROUND: Though mid-term survival rates of over 95% in several series have been published, there is still a paucity of related literature regarding the role of vertical stem instability in the osteointegration of fluted tapered stems. This paper presents a comprehensive and prospective assessment on short-term experiences with uncemented modular femoral stem in the treatment of defective femur during revision surgery of total hip replacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and radiological monitoring of 20 consecutive patients with implanted tapered fluted revision stem (Lima Corporate, Udine, Italy) was of 27 months in average (20-35 months). The average pre-operative Merle d'Aubigné and Postel method score was 6.3 points (3-10 points). The frequency of femur defects, classified according to Paprosky, was IIIA = 9 and IIIB = 11. RESULTS: During last follow-up, the Merle d'Aubigné and Postel hip score was on average 11.7 (6-16 points). Compared to post-operation radiograph, stem migration of 1.9 mm (0-11 mm) on average was found. This vertical stem migration was observed only when comparing hip radiographs immediately after surgery, and at 6 weeks post-surgery. The Paprosky IIIA defects group, presented a subsided stem by an average of 1.5 mm. In the group of Paprosky IIIB defects, the stem subsidence was on average 2.3 mm. All 20 patients in the study showed excellent osteointegration of the uncemented revision modular stem. CONCLUSIONS: This study found and excellent osteointegration of the Lima uncemented tapered fluted revision modular stem in defective femur with a cortical bone segment present in the diaphyseal isthmus area. The initial vertical instability leading to stem migrating during the first six weeks following surgery did not, however, affect its osteointegration. and P. Šponer, T. Kučera, K. Urban, D. Zítko, D. Diaz-Garcia, M. Grinac
Osteologická analýza zvířat pohřbených v Hostivici (okr. Praha-západ) - Kultura nálevkovitých pohárů a srovnání zvířecích nálezů z Hostivice s dalšími souvěkými nálezy z ČR a střední Evropy.
The present study provides a comprehensive osteological description of Pachypterus khavalchor from the family Horabagridae. Nine individuals of P. khavalchor representing both males and females collected from the type locality were cleared and double-stained to provide a description of osteological characteristics. The presence of an almost straight dorsal roof to the cranium, a long and protruding premaxilla with numerous rows of tiny, villiform teeth, a spoon-like lower jaw with villiform teeth projecting outward, and five long and ossified ceratobranchials, with the 5th ceratobranchial containing a set of 80 to 90 conical teeth, sheds light on the ecomorphological adaptation in P. khavalchor that may have led to the evolution of lepidophagy. Furthermore, a slight difference in the structure of the complex hypurapophysis was observed between males and females. The information on the osteology of the Khavalchor catfish forms a baseline for taxonomic research of the entire Horabagridae family comprising four genera with ten species distributed in Asia.