The genetic basis of stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (PN), and transpiration rate (E) was explored by using a wheat doubled haploid population from a cross of Hanxuan10 and Lumai 14. The above three traits were evaluated in wheat flag leaves at 10, 20, 30 days after anthesis under drought stress (DS) and well-watered (WW), and quantitative trait loci (QTL) were analyzed. Expression of the traits during the grain filling stage showed downward trends under both conditions, but expression of three phenotypes were stronger under WW than those under DS. Extremely significant positive correlations were established among the traits at all growth stages under both conditions. A total of 18 additive QTLs for those traits were identified on 10 chromosomes. Among them, two batches of nine additive QTLs were associated with the target traits under DS and WW, respectively. Two additive QTLs for gs and E, two for gs and PN, six for gs, PN, and E clustered at the same or near the region (colocation) of chromosomes 4A, 2B, and 7B, respectively. This provided genetic basis for close phenotype correlations among gs, PN, and E. Furthermore, QTLs for gs, PN, and E near Xgwm577 and Xgwm611 located on 7B chromosome were linked to previously reported QTLs regulating a SPAD value and the chlorophyll a/b ratio under dark-induced condition. This finding indicated that these QTLs on 7B chromosome might be involved in the process of wheat leaf senescence., S. G. Wang, S. S. Jia, D. Z. Sun, H. Y. Wang, F. F. Dong, H. X. Ma, R. L. Jing, G. Ma., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In a field rain-fed trial with 15 cassava cultivars, leaf gas exchanges and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of the same leaves were determined to evaluate genotypic and within-canopy variations in these parameters. From 3 to 7 months after planting leaf gas exchange was measured on attached leaves from upper, middle, and lower canopy layers. All gas exchange parameters varied significantly among cultivars as well as canopy layers. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) decreased from top canopy to bottom indicating both shade and leaf age effects. The same trend, but in reverse, was found with respect to Δ, with the highest values in low canopy level and the lowest in upper canopy. There were very significant correlations, with moderate and low values, among almost all these parameters, with PN negatively associated with intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), ratio of C i to ambient CO2 concentration C i/C a, and Δ. Across all measured leaves, Δ correlated negatively with leaf water use efficiency (WUE = photosynthesis/stomatal conductance, gs) and with gs, but positively with Ci and Ci/Ca. The later parameters negatively correlated with leaf WUE. Across cultivars, both PN and correlated positively with storage root yield. These results are in agreement with trends predicted by the carbon isotope discrimination model. and M. A. El-Sharkawy, S. M. de Tafur.
Field trials with a large group of cassava germplasm were conducted at the seasonally-dry and hot environments in southwest Colombia to investigate photosynthetic characteristics and production under drought conditions. Measurement of net photosynthetic rate (PN), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (g m), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity of upper canopy leaves were made in the field. All photosynthetic characteristics were significantly correlated with final dry root yield (Yield). Correlations among the photosynthetic traits were also significant. PEPC activity was highly significantly correlated with PN and PNUE, indicating the importance of the enzyme in cassava photosynthesis and productivity. Among a small selected group from the preliminary trial for yield performance, the second year Yield was highly significantly correlated with PN measured on the first year crop. Thus variations in the measured photosynthetic traits are genetically controlled and underpin variations in yield. One short-stemmed cultivar M Col 2215 was selected for high root dry matter content, high harvest index, and tolerance to drought. It was tested under the semi-arid conditions of the west coast of Ecuador; participating farmers evaluated cultivar performance. This cultivar was adopted by farmers and officially released in 1992 under the name Portoviejo 650. and M. A. El-Sharkawy, Y. Lopez, L. M. Bernal.
Senescence constitutes the final stage of a plant organ and tissue development and is a subject to gene control and strict regulation. By the late growing season, when Alhagi sparsifolia entered the natural senescence period, a girdling treatment was carried out on the phloem to increase the sugar content in leaves and to investigate carbohydrate-induced leaf senescence. After the semi-girdling and full-girdling treatment, organic matter could not leave leaves due to the destruction of sieve tubes. This led to constantly increasing sugar contents in leaves. Girdling was shown to greatly accelerate the senescence of plants. In girdled leaves, chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, carotenoids (Car), and both ratios of Chl a/b and Chl/Car were significantly reduced. On the donor side of PSII, the oxygen-evolving complex was inhibited under high concentrations of carbohydrates, which was manifested as the emergence of the K phase in fluorescence kinetic curves. On the acceptor side of PSII, the high carbohydrate content also led to the disruption of electron transport and reduced light-use efficiency, which was manifested as a reduction in numerous fluorescence parameters. We believe that the emergence and development of plant senescence was not necessarily induced by the high content of carbohydrates, because even a decrease in the carbohydrate concentration could not stop the senescence process. Although the high content of carbohydrates in plants could induce plant senescence, this kind of senescence was likely a pathological process, including degradations of physiological functions., G.-L. Tang, X.-Y. Li, L.-S. Lin, F.-J. Zeng, Z.-Y. Gu., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Earth’s climate has experienced notable changes during the past 50-70 years when global surface temperature has risen by 0.8°C during the 20th century. This was a consequence of the rise in the concentration of biogenic gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone) in the atmosphere that contribute, along with water vapor, to the so-called ‘greenhouse effect’. Most of the emissions of greenhouse gases have been, and still are, the product of human activities, namely, the excessive use of fossil energy, deforestations in the humid tropics with associated poor land use-management, and wide-scale degradation of soils under crop cultivation and animal/pasture ecosystems. General Circulation Models predict that atmospheric CO2 concentration will probably reach 700 μmol(CO2) mol-1. This can result in rise of Earth’s temperature from 1.5 to over 5°C by the end of this century. This may instigate 0.60-1.0 m rise in sea level, with impacts on coastal lowlands across continents. Crop modeling predicts significant changes in agricultural ecosystems. The mid- and
high-latitude regions might reap the benefits of warming and CO2 fertilization effects via increasing total production and yield of C3 plants coupled with greater water-use efficiencies. The tropical/subtropical regions will probably suffer the worst impacts of global climate changes. These impacts include wide-scale socioeconomic changes, such as degradation and losses of natural resources, low agricultural production, and lower crop yields, increased risks of hunger, and above all waves of human migration and dislocation. Due to inherent cassava tolerance to heat, water stress, and poor soils, this crop is highly adaptable to warming climate. Such a trait should enhance its role in food security in the tropics and subtropics., M. A. El-Sharkawy., and Obsahuje bibliografii
a1_To determine how the use of a given rootstock can influence the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of the scion under salt stress, the growth, gas exchange, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, xanthophyll cycle, and chloroplast ultrastructure of nongrafted,
self-grafted, and pumpkin-grafted (hereafter referred to as rootstock-grafted) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were investigated at day 15 after being treated with 90 mM NaCl. The reductions in plant growth of the rootstock-grafted plants were lower than those of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective quantum-use efficiency of PSII in the light-adapted state of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants were significantly decreased under 90 mM NaCl. However, these reductions were alleviated when the cucumber plants were grafted onto the pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) rootstock. The intercellular CO2 concentrations were significantly increased in the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl, whereas it was decreased in the rootstock-grafted plants. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the deepoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle were significantly increased under 90 mM NaCl, particularly in the rootstockgrafted plants, suggesting the rootstock-grafted plants had higher potential to dissipate excess excitation energy and reduce the probability of photodamage to PSII. Under 90 mM NaCl, the number of grana was reduced, the thylakoids were swollen, and starch granules accumulated in all plants. However, the damage of chloroplast ultrastructure was alleviated in the rootstock-grafted plants., a2_Taken together, the use of C. moschata rootstock alleviated salt stress in cucumber plants by delaying photoinhibition, probably due to a lower incidence of both stomatal and nonstomatal factors limiting photosynthesis., Z. X. Liu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Adding green component to growth light had a profound effect on biomass accumulation in lettuce. However, conflicting views on photosynthetic efficiency of green light, which have been reported, might occur due to nonuniform light sources used in previous studies. In an attempt to reveal plausible mechanisms underlying the differential photosynthetic and developmental responses to green light, we established a new way of light treatment modeled according to the principle of gene "knock out". Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. youmaicai) was grown under two different light spectra, including a wide spectrum of light-emitting diode (LED) light (CK) and a wide spectrum LED light lacking green (480-560 nm) (LG). Total PPFD was approximately 100 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 for each light source. As compared to lettuce grown under CK, shoot dry mass, photosynthetic pigment contents, total chlorophyll to carotenoids ratio, absorptance of PPFD, and CO2 assimilation showed a remarkable decrease under LG, although specific leaf area did not show significant difference. Furthermore, plants grown under LG showed significantly lower stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration compared with CK. The plants under CK exhibited significantly higher intrinsic quantum efficiency, respiration rate, saturation irradiance, and obviously lower compensation irradiance. Finally, we showed that the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-saturated rate of carboxylation, the maximum rate of electron transport, and rate of triosephosphate utilization were significantly reduced by LG. These results highlighted the influence of green light on photosynthetic responses under the conditions used in this study. Adding green component (480-560 nm) to growth light affected biomass accumulation of lettuce in controllable environments, such as plant factory and Bioregenerative Life Support System., H. Liu, Y. Fu, M. Wang, H. Liu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Guadua amplexifolia and Guadua angustifolia are the most promising timber substitutes amongst American bamboos due to their outstanding dimensions and structural properties. Despite the commercial potential of these species, there are few studies on the survival and adaptability of juveniles in plantations. The present study dealt with survival, growth, and ecophysiological response of juvenile clonal plants of these species, cultivated in abandoned pastures in Mérida, Venezuela. Survivorship, growth (height and culm diameter), and ecophysiological parameters were monitored the first year during wet and dry seasons. Survival rates were high in both species (95% in G. amplexifolia and 89% in G. angustifolia). Midday leaf water potentials decreased in both species during dry months (-1.28 to-2.72 MPa in G. amplexifolia and-1.67 to-2.37 MPa in G. angustifolia, respectively). Net photosynthetic rates measured during wet [16.57 ± 1.40 and 13.68 ± 2.40 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, respectively] and dry seasons [12.19 ± 2.82 and 8.12 ± 1.81 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, respectively], demonstrated that G. amplexifolia maintained consistently higher photosynthetic rates compared to G. angustifolia, which could explain the higher growth rates of the former. Similar trends were observed for stomatal conductance, transpiration, water-use efficiency, electron transport rate, and photochemical quenching of PSII. G. angustifolia maintained higher nonphotochemical quenching as well as a higher consumption of electrons per molecule of CO2 fixed, indicating a lower photosynthetic efficiency. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (0.73-0.76) suggested that neither of these species suffered from photoinhibition, despite persistently high radiation and air temperatures at the study site., F. Ely, O. Araque, R. Jaimez., and Obsahuje bibliografii