Womanhood has different meanings. It is true in the context of almost every culture and society. In Sudan a woman´s life is divided into a number of stages characterized by special roles and status. It is structured hierarchically by kinship and age. The article focuses on the second factor. It indicates the range of activities and the broad networks of alliances that are available for a middle-aged woman. It shows dominant position of older woman in traditional social structure, which is still much preserved in rural life of Northern Sudan. The articled is mostly based on fieldwork materials collected in North Sudanese village of ed Ghaddar in 2010.
The European Network for Housing Research organized a conference in Prague June 28-July 1. This meeting of experts focused on the role and “power” of housing and mortgage markets, which is rapidly changing, especially by increasing the influence these markets have on the wider economy and sustainable development of many societies. and Tomáš Kostelecký.
Archaeological sources provide a wide range of information to help understand the social structure of human society in the past. In this paper, the authors deal with the information potential of grave pit modifi cations and wooden structures in graves at burial sites in the central region of Great Moravia (southeast Moravia, southwest Slovakia). The goal at this point is to defi ne the basic hypotheses and describe the methodological basis along with the research methodology. The authors treat the sources holistically, which means that one of the methodological foundations is the claim that the properties of the whole are not a simple sum of its parts. This means that all recognized elements of the funeral rite and their mutual relations and functions are the center of attention of this research. The primary basis for the research is the assumption that the presence of various wooden structures or wooden burial receptacles in the graves of the Great Moravian period is a common cultural occurrence. It further tests the hypothesis that there was intent behind choosing of these different wooden structures and grave pit modifi cations and their usage, as well as a potential differentiation based on age or gender in the frequency, quality and selection of these modifi cations/arrangements and structures. The main methodological tools are statistical and GIS analysis and the results are compared with published fi ndings from the wider Central European region., Marian Mazuch, Marek Hladík., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Souhrou okolností disponujeme ke dvěma sousedícím usedlostem středočeské vsi Trněný Újezd navzájem nezávislými prameny z pozdního středověku a raného novověku. Na základě nálezu v jednom ze statků se autoři zabývají způsobem vytápění na tehdejším českém venkově, zejména účelu keramické roury, k níž nalézají středoevropské analogie z různého sociálního prostředí. Doklady nepřímého způsobu vytápění domu selské usedlosti přitom pokládají za odraz prosperity i ambicí hospodáře, o nichž mnohé vypovídají podrobné záznamy o sousedním statku ze 2. pol. 16. století. and Thanks to fortuitous circumstances, we have nearly synchronous and independent sources from the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period on two neighbouring farmsteads in the central Bohemian village of Trněný Újezd. On the basis of finds on one of the estates, the authors deal with the method of heating in the Bohemian countryside at the time, especially the function of ceramic pipe, for which analogies exist from various Central European social environments. Evidence of an indirect method of heating in the farmstead home is also a reflection of the farmer’s prosperity and ambitions, about which the detailed records on the neighbouring estate from the second half of the 16th century reveal a great amount.
Text kriticky reaguje na článek Jiřího Macháčka, který na Moravu 9. a počátku 10. století aplikoval neoevolucionistický koncept náčelnictví. Autor se pokouší na základě písemných, a především archeologických pramenů o rekonstrukci jednotlivých oblastí socioekonomické reality Velké Moravy (sociální struktura, ekonomika, ideologie a náboženství). Ukazuje, že tento politický útvar sice vykazoval některé znaky svědčící o jeho nestabilitě, současně však obsahoval organizačně náročné prvky (zejm. rozsáhlé aglomerace), které svědčí – v kontextu tehdejší Evropy – o jeho značné komplextitě. V raně středověké Evropě zjevně existovala řada strategií politické integrace, a proto se autor domnívá, že aplikace předem připravených „vývojových stadií“ naše poznání spíše svazuje, než rozvíjí. and This text represents a critical response to Jiří Macháček’s article, in which the neo-evolutionary concept of chiefdom in the ninth and early tenth centuries is applied to Moravia. The author of this paper attempts to reconstruct individual areas of the socioeconomic life of Great Moravia (social structure, economy, ideology and religion) using written and, primarily, archaeological sources. The text documents that while this polity did demonstrate certain signs of instability, it also featured organisationally demanding elements (vast settlement agglomerations in particular), which testify to its significant complexity in the context of Europe in this particular period. A number of strategies for political integration clearly existed in early medieval Europe, and the author therefore believes that the application of set ‘development stages’ hampers rather than fosters an understanding of the period.
Based on data from three group interviews conducted with groups of “workers” and “professionals”, this article focuses on ways that interviews participants choose in their attempts to cope with sociologists’ demands to describe social structure of the contemporary Czech society. The key category adopted from the interviewers’ questions around which the arguments of participants were centered is the category of “success“. The author analyses measures of success mentioned by participants, its presuppositions, who is regarded as successful by them and which criteria of success they adopt. Also analyzed is the self-positioning of the interview participants and the social group they identify with in the notions of social structure presented by them in the course of the interviews., Ivan Vodochodský., and Obsahuje seznam literatury