The aim of the study was to assess the impact of preweaning overnutrition upon the ontogeny of intestinal microbiota, alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) and pa rameters of growth and obesity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We tested whether intestinal characteristics acquired in suckling pups could programme the development of enhanced fat deposition during normalized nutrition beyond weaning. Postnatal nutrition was manipulated by adjusting the number of pups in the nest to 4 (small litters - SL) and 10 (normal litters - NL). In the postweaning period both groups were fed with a standard diet. The jejunal and colonic Lactobacillus/Enterococcus (LAB) and the Bacteroides/Prevotella (BAC) were determined using the FISH technique, and the jejunal AP activity was assayed histochemically. At 15 and 20 days of age the SL pups became heavier, displayed increased adiposity accompanied by significantly higher LAB and lower numbers of BAC and with higher AP activity in comparison with rats nursed in NL nests. These differences pers isted to day 40 and withdrawal of the previous causal dietary influence did not prevent the post-weaning fat accretion. These results reveal the significance of early nutritional imprint upon the gut microbial/functional development and allow better unde rstanding of their involvement in the control of obesity., Z. Šefčíková ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The objective of the present experiment was to assess the involvement of small intestine in expression of susceptibility or resistance to the high-fat/high-energy diet. The investigation was carried out in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either standard laboratory diet (3.2 kcal/g, 9.5 % fat) or high-fat (HF) diet (4.04 kcal/g, 30 % fat) for 4 weeks as well as in HF rats that were retrospectively designated on the bases of their higher or lower weight gain as sensitive (DIO) or resistant (DR) to obesity. Our results revealed in HF group significant increase in energy intake, food efficiency, weight gain and Lee´s index of obesity. Moreover, in comparison with controls, a significantly increased duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) and α-glucosidase activity as well as hypertrophy of jejunal mucosa (increased protein/DNA ratio) were observed in HF fed rats. In contrast, intestinal function was inversely related to energy intake or to the development of adiposity in DIO vs. DR rats. The DR rats had significantly greater AP and α-glucosidase activity and more pronounced suppression of energy intake than obese DIO rats. It indicates that the increase of enzyme activities and the lowered effectiveness of nutrient absorption might be a significant factor preventing the expression of obesity proneness. This information contributes to a better understanding of a complex interaction between HF diet feeding and small intestinal adaptability, which determines the energy homeostasis and predict the ability to resist or develop obesity in these phenotypes., Z. Šefčíková, T. Hájek, Ľ. Lenhardt, Ľ. Raček, Š. Možeš., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
It is well known that adrenalectomy (ADX) reverses the eating and energy balance disturbances in a variety of models of obesity associated with elevated food intake. We have previously demonstrated enhanced functional activity in the small intestine of neonatally monosodium glutamate-treated (MSG) obese rats despite the absence of overeating and we concluded that these changes might also contribute to the development of MSG obesity. The objective of the present experiments was to investigate whether ADX would affect the small intestinal functions and whether their changes would counteract attenuation or prevention of obesity development in MSG rats. Therefore the investigation was carried out in MSG-obese Wistar male rats and untreated intact rats adrenalectomized on day 40, as well as in lean littermates of MSG rats and intact rats subjected to Sham-ADX surgery. All animals had free access to a standard pellet diet after weaning. At the age of 80 days, body mass, body fat content and food consumption as well as changes of the brush-border-bound duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP), the dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV (DPP IV) and maltase activity were measured. During the postoperative period, ADX resulted in a significant decrease of mass gain in both MSG and control rats (P<0.05). ADX fully prevented the development of obesity in MSG rats (significantly decreased epididymal+retroperitoneal fat pad mass, P<0.05) and increased mean daily food intake (P<0.001). These effects were only minimal in the ADX controls suggesting that enhanced adrenal secretion is involved in the expression of MSG obesity and its complications. The AP activity in obese MSG rats was increased by about 21 % (P<0.01) in both intestinal segments when compared to the lean controls, whereas no parallel variations in the activities of DPP IV and maltase were observed in the intestinal parts mentioned. In MSG rats, ADX significantly reduced the AP activity in the duodenum and jejunum (P<0.01). A similar tendency was also seen in the DPP IV activity of adrenalectomized MSG rats as well as in lean control rats. Nevertheless, no significant effect of adrenal withdrawal on maltase activity was found. These results indicate that the decrease of enzyme activities in the small intestine and the different effectiveness of nutrient absorption might be a significant factor preventing the development of excess adiposity in glutamate-treated rats. This information contributes to a better understanding of the importance of small intestinal function for the development of obesity and its maintenance in later life.
To investigate the relationship between early nutritional experience, ontogeny of the small intestinal functions and predisposition to obesity development, the following experimental models of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used: 1) rats in which the quantity of nutrition was manipulated from birth to weaning (day 30) by adjusting the number of pups in the nest to 4 (SL), 10 (NL) and 16 pups (LL) and 2) littermates of SL, NL and LL rats fed either a standard or a hypercaloric diet from days 80 to 135 of age. The overfed SL pups were overweight after day 15 and became permanently obese, whereas the underfed smaller LL pups, due to accelerated growth and enhanced food intake from day 30 to day 35, attained a body fat level that did not differ from normally fed NL rats. Moreover, a significantly increased duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was found in SL and LL rats and these acquired somatic and intestinal characteristics persisted from weaning throughout life. Eight weeks of high-energy diet feeding elicited a similar pattern of intestinal response in SL and LL rats that was clearly different from NL rats. Despite energy overconsumption in these three groups, both SL and LL rats still displayed enhanced AP activity and showed a significant increase in protein/DNA ratio accompanied with a significant body fat accretion. These results indicate that the postnatally acquired small intestinal changes induced by over- and undernutrition could be involved in the similar predisposition to obesity risk in later life when caloric density of the diet is raised., Š. Možeš, Z. Šefčíková, Ľ. Lenhardt., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
To investigate the relationship between development of obesity and the small intestinal functions two experimental models of male Wistar rats were used in the present work: 1) early postnatally overfed rats, nursed from birth to weaning in small litters (SL, 4 pups/nest), and 2) neonatally monosodium glutamate treated rats (MSG 2 mg/g b.w. administered s.c. for 4 days after birth) submitted to the same early nutritional manipulation. After weaning, all animals had free access to a standard pellet diet and at 40 and 80 days of age their body weight, body fat content and food consumption as well as changes of the brush-border-bound duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity were compared with parameters of the offsprings raised under normal feeding conditions (NL, 8 pups/nest). At 40 and 80 days of age the postnatally overfed pups from SL nests became heavier, displayed a significantly increased epididymal plus retroperitoneal fat pad weight (P<0.01) and significantly higher AP activity in both segments of the small intestine (P<0.01) in comparison with rats nursed in NL nests, although their mean daily food intake did not differ from that of non-obese rats during the postweaning periods examined. In contrast, the same treatment of MSG rats had only a small effect on late appearance of obesity, i.e. in early postnatally overfed and normally fed MSG rats a similar pattern of body weight, food intake, adiposity and AP activity was found after weaning. The effect of MSG-treatment was also accompanied by the appearance of normophagia, hypophagia and stunted growth on day 40 and day 80, respectively. Moreover, the size of fat depots and the increase of brush-border-bound AP activity in MSG rats belonging to the SL and NL groups was quantitatively similar to the values size of these parameters observed in SL obese rats subjected to early postnatal overnutrition. These results indicate that postnatal nutritional experience (overnutrition) may represent a predisposing factor in control rats from small litters for the development of obesity in later life. Permanently increased small intestinal AP activity observed after weaning in both models of obesity when hyperphagia is not present suggest that these functional changes and associated alterations in food digestion could be a component of regulatory mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of their elevated body fat weight.
The aim of our study was to develop a model producing obese mice in early adulthood (4-6 weeks) based on their over-nutrition during fetal and early postnatal development. The fertilized dams of the parental generation were fed the standard diet supplemented with high-energy nutritional product Ensure Plus during gestation and lactation. De livered weanlings were then fed with standard or supplemented diet and assessed for body fat deposits using EchoMRI at the ti me of early and late adulthood. Maternal over-feeding during th e period before weaning had the most significant effect on obesity development in the filial generation. In weanlings, signific antly higher body fat deposits and average body weight were recorded. Later, further significant increase in percentage of body fat in both male and female mice was observed. Withdrawal of the Ensure Plus supplement caused a decrease in the percentage of body fat in part of the filial generation. In offspring fed the standard diet, higher fat deposits persisted till the time of late adulthood. We conclude that this diet-induced obesity model might be used in exploration of the effects of elevated body fat on physiological functions of various organ systems during juvenile and early adulthood periods of life of a human being., J. Kubandová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy