The purpose of this study was to assess the endocrine status, thoracic impedance, blood concentration, and hemodynamic dose-responses using different angles of passive head-up tilt (HUT) ranging from 12° to 70° in the same subjects. Measurements were performed during 20 min supine position (pre-HUT), 30 min upright (HUT12, HUT30, HUT53, or HUT70), and 20 min supine (post-HUT); subjects 70 min in the supine position only (HUT0) served as resting controls. Norepinephrine increased above resting control values by 19, 44, 80, and 102 %; epinephrine by 30, 41, 64, and 68 %; aldosterone by 29, 62, 139, and 165 %; plasma renin activity n. s., 41, 91, and 89 %; vasopressin n.s., 27, 47, and 59 %; thoracic bioimpedance n. s., 8, 13, and 16 %; heart rate n. s., 5, 26, and 45 %, and mean arterial pressure n. s., 5, 7, and 10 %; at min 27 of HUT12, HUT30, HUT53, and HUT70, respectively. Pulse pressure decreased with HUT53 and HUT70 by 4 and 10 %. Hematocrit increased by 0.2, 1.7, 6.3, and 7.2 %, respectively. Blood density increased by 2.3 and 3.0 g/l, plasma density by 1.7 and 1.8 g/l with HUT53 and HUT70. After finishing HUT, heart rate fell to values which stayed below pre-HUT, and also below resting control levels for ł 5 min ("post-orthostatic bradycardia") even after the lowest orthostatic load (HUT12). Thoracic impedance and arterial pressure remained increased after terminating HUT30, HUT53, and HUT70. In conclusion, passive orthostatic loading of different extent produces specific dose-responses of different magnitude in the endocrine system, blood composition, thoracic impedance, and hemodynamic variables. The heart rate is depressed even after HUT12, while arterial blood pressure and thoracic impedance exceed pre-stimulus levels after greater head-up tilt, indicating altered cardiovascular response after passive orthostasis., Z. László, A. Rössler, H. G. Hinghofer-Szalkay., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cardiovascular dynamic and variability data are commonly used in experimental protocols involving cognitive challenge. Usually, the analysis is based on a sometimes more and sometimes less well motivated single specific time resolution ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. The present paper aimed at investigating in detail the impact of different time resolutions of the cardiovascular data on the interpretation of effects. We compared three template tasks involving varying types of challenge, in order to provide a case study of specific effects and combinations of effects over different time frames and using different time resolutions. Averaged values of hemodynamic variables across an entire protocol confirmed typical findings regarding the effects of mental challenge and social observation. However, the hemodynamic response also incorporates transient variations in variables reflecting important features of the control system response. The fine-grained analysis of the transient behavior of hemodynamic variables demonstrates that information that is important for interpreting effects may be lost when only average values over the entire protocol are used as a representative of the system response. The study provides useful indications of how cardiovascular measures may be fruitfully used in experiments involving cognitive demands, allowing inferences on the physiological processes underlying the responses., H. K. Lackner, J. J. Batzel, A. Rössler, H. Hinghofer-Szalkay, I. Papousek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) during and after real and simulated space flight. Venous blood was obtained 3 min after the beginning and 2 min after the lower body negative pressure maneuver in two cosmonauts preflight (supine), inflight, and postflight (supine) and in five other subjects before, at the end, and 4 days after a 5-day head-down tilt (-6°) bed rest. In cosmonaut 1 (10 days in space), plasma cGMP fell from preflight 4.3 to 1.4 nM on flight day 6, and was 3.0 nM on the fourth day after landing. In cosmonaut 2 (438 days in space), it fell from preflight 4.9 to 0.5 nM on on flight day 3, and stayed <0.1 nM with 5, 9, and 14 months in space, as well as on the fourth day after landing. Three months after the flight his plasma cGMP was back to normal (6.3 nM). Cosmonaut 2 also displayed relatively low inflight ANP values but returned to preflight level immediately after landing. In a ground-based simulation on five other persons, supine plasma cGMP was reduced by an average of 30 % within 5 days of 6° head-down tilt bed rest. The data consistently demonstrate lowered plasma cGMP with real and simulated weightlessness, and a complete disappearance of cGMP from plasma during, and shortly after long-duration space flight., A. Rössler, V. Noskov, Z. László, V.V. Polyakow, H. G. Hinghofer-Szalkay., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We investigated non-invasively cardiac contractility and autonomic nervous activity during presyncopal orthostatic stress induced in healthy humans. A graded orthostatic stress (GOS) paradigm, consisting of head-up tilt (HUT) combined with lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of increasing magnitude, was used to reach a presyncopal end-point in 15 healthy adults. Continuous beat-to-beat hemodynamic and autonomic parameters were recorded. From supine control (C1) to presyncope (PS), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) decreased from 2300±500 to 1910±320 dyne*s*m²/cm^5 (p=0.004), index of contractility (IC) from 59±14 to 27±6 1000/s (p<0.0001), left ventricular working index (LVWI) from 5.2±1.3 vs. 3.6±0.6 mmHg*L/(min*m²) (p=0.0001) and acceleration index (ACI) from 65±18 vs. 54±15 100/s² (p=0.04). Low frequency variation of diastolic blood pressure (LFnudBP) increased from 51±14 to 67±11 % (p=0.0006) and of systolic blood pressure (LFnusBP) from 50±6 vs. 67±8 % (p<0.0001). High frequency variation of RR-interval (HFms²RRI) decreased from 385±320 to 38±43 ms² (p=0.001). From late GOS (G3) to PS, TPRI decreased from 2540±640 to 1910±320 dyne*s*m²/cm^5 (p=0.003), IC from 35±6 to 27±6 1000/s (p=0.003), LVWI from 4.6±0.9 to 3.6±0.6 mmHg*L/(min/m²) (p=0.003), LFnusBP from 71±8 to 67±8 % (p=0.03), LFmmHg²dBP from 6.6±4.0 to 4.8±2.9 mmHg² (p=0.0001), LFmmHg²sBP from 9.7±7.8 to 7.4±4.8 mmHg² (p=0.01). HFnuRRI increased from 19±8 to 28±13 % (p=0.008). Myocardial contractility indices and parameters of sympathetic activity were reduced in the presyncopal state, while parasympathic activity was increased. This suggests a decrease in cardiac contractility during orthostatically induced presyncope in healthy subjects., E. K. Grasser, N. Goswami, H. Hinghofer-Szalkay., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Previous investigations revealed that most of the fluid regulating hormones showed no consistent relationship to the hypoxic diuretic response (HDR). In this study we examined if adrenomedullin (AM), a hypoxia-mediated diuretic/natriuretic peptide is connected to HDR. Thirty-three persons were examined at low altitude (LA), on the third exposure day at 3440 m (medium altitude, MA) and on the fourteenth day at 5050 m (high altitude, HA). Nocturnal diuresis rose from 460 ml [interquartile range 302 ml] at LA to 560 [660] ml at MA to 1015 [750] ml at HA (p<0.005). Sodium excretion was similar at LA and MA (41.8 [27.0] vs. 41.4 [28.4] mM) and increased to 80.2 [29.1] mM at HA (p<0.005). Urinary AM excretion was 7.9 [3.9] at LA, 7.5 [5.7] pM at MA, and increased to 10.5 [5.1] pM (p<0.05) at HA. Urinary AM excretion was correlated to diuresis (r=0.72, p<0.005) and sodium excretion (r=0.57, p<0.005). Plasma AM concentration rose from 16.4 [3.1] to 18.8 [4.9] pM/l at MA (p<0.005) and to 18.3 [4.3] pM/l at HA (p<0.005). Plasma AM concentration and urinary AM excretion were not correlated, neither were plasma AM concentration and diuresis or natriuresis. Our data suggest the involvement of increased renal AM production in the pathophysiology of high altitude fluid and sodium loss., B. Haditsch, A. Roessler, H. G. Hinghofer-Szalkay., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
We tested whether seal location at iliac crest (IC) or upper abdomen (UA), before and during lower body negative pressure (LBNP), would affect thoracic electrical impedance, hepatic blood flow, and central cardiovascular responses to LBNP. After 30 min of supine rest, LBNP at -40 mmHg was applied for 15 min, either at IC or UA, in 14 healthy males. Plasma density and indocyanine green concentrations assessed plasma volume changes and hepatic perfusion. With both sealing types, LBNP-induced effects remained unchanged for mean arterial pressure (-3.0±1.1 mm Hg), cardiac output (-1.0 l min-1), and plasma volume (-11 %). Heart rate was greater during UA (80.6±3.3 bpm) than IC (76.0±2.5 bpm) (p<0.01) and thoracic impedance increased more using UA (3.2±0.2 Ω) than IC (1.8±0.2 Ω) (p<0.0001). Furthermore, during supine rest, UA was accompanied by lower thoracic impedance (26.9±1.1 vs 29.0±0.8 Ω , p<0.001) and hepatic perfusion (1.6 vs 1.8 l.min-1, p<0.05) compared to IC. The data suggest that the reduction in central blood volume in response to LBNP depends on location of the applied seal. The sealing in itself altered blood volume distribution and hepatic perfusion in supine resting humans. Finally, application of LBNP with the seal at the upper abdomen induced a markedly larger reduction in central blood volume and greater increases in heart rate than when the seal was located at the iliac crest., N. Goswami ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury