There is increasing evidence that dietary saturated fatty acids (SAFA) have not only an indirect atherogenic effect due to increasing LDL-cholesterol concentration but also a direct effect by activating the inflammation process. This review summarizes several recent publications in this field. The effect of SAFA on the inflammation process mediated by Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB pathway has been well documented in various in vitro culture studies of macrophages and adipocytes or in their co-culture. In contrast to these in vitro data, in vivo epidemiological studies or clinical experiments in men are less consistent. Well controlled cross-over studies in volunteers might enlighten the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids dietary intake and proatherogenic inflammation effects., R. Poledne., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The subclass of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins - remnant -like particles (RLP) seems to be strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We eva luated the role of RLP and other risk factors (RF) with sonographically measured intima - media thickness of carotid arteries (IMT CCA) in a cohort of Czech population including women defined according to the time after menopause. We investigated relation of IMT CCA to age, weight, central obesity, plasma lipids including remnant -like particles cholesterol (RLP -C) and triglycerides (RLP -TG) in 136 men and 160 women. Using multiple linear regression analysis, significant association between IMT CCA and RLP -C was found in women 1 -7 years after menopause. In the whole group of women, only age and fasting blood glucose were independently associated with IMT CCA. In men only age significantly correlated wit h IMT CCA. Significant decrease of all plasma lipids betwe en 1988 and 1996 in men was detected, while in women significant increase in triglycerides and no change in non -HDL cholesterol was observed. RLP -C was the strongest independent RF for atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women but its as sociation with IMT CC A was limited to several years after menopause. In conclusion, women changing reproductive status could be more sensitive to atherogenic impact of remnant lipoproteins., J. Piťha, J. Kovář, Z. Škodová, R. Cífková, P. Stávek, L. Červenka, T. Šejda, V. Lánská, R. Poledne., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The first experimental model of atherosclerosis (in rabbits) is more than hundred years old. Several animal species have bee n used to produce hyperlipoproteine mia and possible atherosclerosis. The gene manipulation produced the most used models recently. This review acknowledges the extensive study of atherosclerotic changes in experimental models of hyperlipoprotein emia and at herosclerosis to come to light thus far and the purpose here is not only to summariz e the published data but also to try to add some details of our experience in using these models. In addition to rabbit (the old but also improved model by reno-vascular hy pertension) dog, birds, pig, hamster, mice, rat and non-human primate’s animal models are described. The gene manipulation produced the most used models two decades ago. Germline genetically engineered (without apoE or LDL receptor genes) animals have beco me the most used models producing atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. Recent new models also producing atherosclerotic changes but without germline genetic manipulation are also described., R. Poledne, L. Jurčíková-Novotná., and Obsahuje bibliografii
HDL cholesterol resp. apolipoprotein A1 concentrations are tools to estimate individual CVD risk, although only a part of HDL particles participate in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). This discrepancy was analyzed in life style change based on increase of physical activity and dietary counseling. Efflux of cholesterol from pre-labeled macrophages to plasma acceptors of tested individuals was used as an RCT measure. Changes of lipoprotein parameters, glucose, fasting insulin concentrations and RCT were analyzed in 15 obese women after 9-week intervention consisted of 5 sessions of increased physical activity per week. Controlled increase in physical activity for 9 weeks induced a decrease of body weight averaging 9 kg (ranged from 2.3 to 15.5 kg). The intervention leads to significant decreases of triglycerides, apoprotein A1 and apoprotein B concentration, whereas total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol did not change significantly. The increase of RCT was not significant, but there was highly significant negative correlation between individual decrease of body weight and an increase of RCT. Significant increase of RCT was found in 13 persons with a weight reduction more than 3.5 kg. Substantial weight loss is necessary to increase RCT., I. Králová Lesná ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
It is well known that the consumption of moderate doses of alcohol leads to the increase of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). Atheroprotectivity of HDL particles is based primarily on their role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In the study with a crossover design 13 male volunteers were studied in two different regimens: i) drinking of 36 g alcohol daily and ii) drinking only non-alcoholic beverages, to test whether alcohol-induced increase of HDL cholesterol can affect cholesterol efflux (CHE) from cell culture of labeled human macrophages. Alcohol consumption induced significant (p<0.05) increases of HDL cholesterol from 1.25±0.32 to 1.34±0.38 mmol/l and Apo A1 from 1.34±0.16 to 1.44±0.19 g/l. These changes were combined with a slight increase of cholesterol efflux from 13.8±2.15 to 14.9±1.85 % (p=0.059). There were significant correlations between individual changes of HDL-C and Apo A1 concentrations and individual changes of CHE (0.51 and 0.60, respectively). In conclusion, moderate alcohol consumption changes the capacity of plasma to induce CHE only at a border line significance., I. Králová Lesná ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy