Positive effects of repeated administration of diclofenac, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, in terms of prevention of tumor development and stimulation of hematopoiesis have been observed in C3H mice transplanted subcutaneously with G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells. Fourteen-day treatment with diclofenac (3.75 mg/kg/day) started from day 5 after tumor cell transplantation. Measurements of tumors and hematological examinations were performed on day 30. The results strongly suggest the possibility that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) may be used in oncological practice where the observed effects are highly desirable., M. Hofer, Z. Hoferová, P. Fedoročko, N. O. Macková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The use of reversible lesion techniques in memory research was pioneered in the laboratory of Jan Bureš and Olga Burešova. We use the occasion of Jan’s 75th birthday to briefly review the experimental utility of this approach. Two experiments from our current research are reported in which reversible lesioning methods are used to ask otherwise experimentally untenable questions about memory retrieval. The first experiment used intra-hippocampal injections of tetrodotoxin to temporarily inactivate the hippocampus during retrieval of a well-learned place avoidance navigation memory. This revealed that the hippocampus is necessary for place avoidance retrieval but that the extinction of place avoidance can occur independently of retrieving the memory and intact hippocampal function. The second experiment used KCl-induced cortical spreading depression in an interhippocampal transfer paradigm to demonstrate that a Y-maze memory that is learned by only one cortical hemisphere can be made to transfer to the other hemisphere by forcing the rat to swim, a unique stressful experience that occurred in a different apparatus, different behavioral context, and involved different behaviors than the Y-maze training. This demonstrates, we believe for the first time behaviorally, that memories can be activated outside of the behavioral context of their acquisition and expression in rats., K. Ježek, M. Wesierska, A. A. Fenton., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This review-study aims to present a critical exposition of the ground-breaking work in the study of secularisation, Charles Taylor's Secular Age. The study points to the links with Taylor's preceding work, Sources of the Self, which consist above all in the contrast between the porous self and the buffered self. It also presents Taylor's conception of secularisation: secularisation is not the retreat of religion from the public sphere, but the widening of the social process that makes it impossible for one world-view to make claim to a privileged status. The study also focuses on Taylor's rejection of modernity which, in the shape of a scientistic world-view and a universalistic morality understood as the hegemony of exclusively-human categories. In the context of this rejection, the article discusses Taylor's attempt to weaken the "hegemony of the human" by a relation to transcendence., Tereza Matějčková., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Studie Petry Kolátorové se zabývá osobností hobojisty Arnošta (Ernsta) Königa (1838-1915), významného hudebníka pražského hudebního života druhé poloviny 19. století., This contribution maps the activity of Arnošt König (1838–1915), an oboist of German origin, primarily in Prague’s musical life at the time. During the years 1870–1913, A. König was the professor of oboe at the Prague Conservatory, and from 1876 he was an oboist at the Prague Provisional Theatre and then at the National Theatre. Reviews and articles from the period show what an exceptional musician he was, as he earned recognition even beyond Bohemia. Many mentions praising him in the press have been preserved in connection with the difficulty for performers of Dvořák’s Serenade in D Minor, op. 44, in which A. König excelled repeatedly. It can be documented at least twice from Dvořák’s extant correspondence that performances elsewhere of the Serenade were cancelled because of its difficulty. Together with the aforementioned reviews, this fact shows that in Prague Antonín Dvořák (and others) had exceptional conditions for musical performances., Petra Kolátorová., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 287, anglický abstrakt 267.
a1_Záměry. Cílem studie bylo: (a) analyzovat účinek dvou nezávisle proměnných (profesních orientací založených na modelu RIASEC a pohlaví) na skóry v inventáři NEO-FFI a v sebeposuzovacích dotaznících doménově specifické kreativity (K-DOCS a CAQ); (b) verifikovat šest hypotéz, stanovených na základě dřívějších výzkumů; (c) zjistit vnitřní konzistenci českého překladu Kaufmanovy škály doménově specifické kreativity; d) s pomocí EFA analyzovat faktorovou strukturu českého překladu K-DOCS a srovnat ho s originální verzí. Soubor a procedura. Výzkumný soubor sestával z 950 studentů většinou z Palackého univerzity v Olomouci. Ženy tvořily 75 % souboru. Studenti vyplňovali dotazníky pomocí webové aplikace, speciálně připravené pro tento výzkum. Statistická analýza. K odhadu vnitřní konzistence české verze K-DOCS autoři použili Cronbachovo alfa. Pětifaktorová struktura K-DOCS byla ověřována pomocí EFA. Účinek profesních zájmů a pohlaví na závisle proměnné autoři zjišťovali pomocí MANOVY, ANOVY a Tukeyho testu. Výsledky. EFA podpořila předpoklad, že český překlad K-DOCS má podobnou pětifaktorovou strukturu jako originální verze dotazníku. Studenti s uměleckými zájmy skórovali signifikantně výše na škále neuroticismu než investigativní, sociální a podnikavé typy. Skupina I-STEM skórovala výše než ostatní typy ve škále mechanické/ vědecké kreativity K-DOCS a níže ve škále každodenní/osobní tvořivosti. Umělecké typy získaly vyšší skóry než investigativní a podnikavé typy ve škálách výkonové kreativity, hudby a tvůrčího psaní CAQ. Studentky skórovaly ve škálách každodenní/osobní a umělecké kreativity K-DOCS výše než studenti. Muži měli vyšší skór než ženy ve škálách mechanické/vědecké a učenecké tvořivosti K-DOCS., a2_Skórovali také výše než ženy ve škálách humoru, vynálezectví a vědy CAQ. Omezení studie. Studie byla uskutečněna na moravských univerzitách. Ve výzkumném souboru byl větší počet žen (75 %) než mužů. Data byla získána prostřednictvím webové aplikace. Efekt realistických a konvenčních zájmů na závisle proměnné nebyl zkoumán., b1_Objectives. The study was aimed: (a) to analyse the effect of two independent variables (professional orientation grounded in the RIASEC model, and sex) on the NEO-FFI scores and the self-report questionnaires of domain-specific creativity (K-DOCS and CAQ); (b) to verify six hypotheses based on previous research; (c) to find out the internal consistency of Czech translation of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale; (d) to analyse the factor structure of Czech translation of the K-DOCS using EFA, and to compare it with the original version of the questionnaire. Sample and setting. The research sample consisted of 950 students mostly from Palacký University in Olomouc. Women comprised 75% of the sample. Participants filled in inventories using web application specifically prepared for the research. Statistical analysis. Cronbach’s alfa was used as an estimate of the internal consistency of Czech version of the K-DOCS. Its five-factor structure was verified using EFA. The effects of vocational interests and sex on the dependent variables were explored by MANOVA, ANOVA, and Tukey’s test. Results. EFA supported preposition that Czech translation of the K-DOCS has similar five factor structure as its original version. Students with the artistic vocational interests are significantly higher on neuroticism than the innovative, social and enterprising ones. I-STEM types scored higher than other groups on the K-DOCS scale of Mechanical/Science, and lower on the scale of Self/Everyday. The artistic types were higher than other groups on the CAQ domains of Performance, Music and Creative writing. Female students scored higher than male ones on the K-DOCS scales of Self/Everyday and Artistic creativity. Men were higher than women on the K-DOCS scales of Mechanical/Science, and Scholarly. They also scored higher than women on the CAQ scales of Humor, Invention, and Science., b2_Study limitation. The study was realised at Moravian universities. In a research sample, there was greater proportion of women (75%) than men. Data were collected using web application. Effect of the realistic and conventional vocational interests on dependent variables was not examined., Alena Plháková, Daniel Dostál, Tereza Záškodná., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This study is dedicated to a collection of compositions titled Hudební album (A Musical Album), volumes of which were issued in print from 1891 until 1896 by the Prague publisher Fr. A. Urbanek. The collection focused primarily on piano compositions by contemporary Bohemian composers. The first part of the study is devoted principally to the contents of the collection and to the circumstances of its publishing, then the second part examines the printing of compositions by A. Dvořák (All through the night a bird will sing from the song cycle Evening Songs, op. 31, Furiant, op. 12/2, and Dumka, op. 12/1) in Hudební album in versions that differ from the first editions published by Fr. A. Urbanek. This fact has not yet been researched by Dvořák scholars., Helena Matějčková., and Anglické resumé na s. 333.
a1_Hlavním cílem výzkumu byla verifikace symbolické asymetrie spontánních a sociálně sdílených reprezentací rodových kategorií v hodnotící dimenzi českého kulturního kontextu. 223 pregraduálních studentů (117 mužů a 106 žen, M = 20.5 let) bylo požádáno, aby volně asociovali na pojmy člověk, muž a žena (v náhodném pořadí) a každý z nich zhodnotili. Hypotézy: 1. Autoři očekávali větší překryv pojmů muž a člověk než mezi pojmy žena a člověk: a) z hlediska valence použitých pojmů; b) v dimenzi aktivita-souznění. 2. Očekávali celkově příznivější hodnocení pojmu žena než muž. 3. Očekávali také větší heterogenitu pojmu muž ve srovnání s pojmem žena, pokud jde o celkový počet různých slov asociovaných s těmito pojmy. Postupně byly provedeny dvě analýzy: celkové valence slov asociovaných s každým pojmem a analýza kategorií specificky zaměřená na hodnocení rozsahu, v němž se odpovědi na pojmy vztahovaly k dimenzi sebeprosazení vs. vztahovost. V první analýze jednorozměrnou ANOVA byly předložené pojmy (člověk vs. muž vs. žena) a pohlaví účastníků (žena vs. muž) považovány za proměnné rozlišující mezi účastníky. V druhé analýze pomocí smíšené ANOVA byly počet asociovaných slov vztahujících se k předloženému pojmu (člověk vs. muž vs. žena) a pohlaví účastníků (žena vs. muž) považovány za proměnné rozlišující mezi účastníky a atributy (aktivita vs. vztahovost) za vnitřní proměnné účastníků. Všechny hypotézy byly podpořeny daty. Výsledky svědčí o tom, že čeští mluvčí spontánně považují muže za rod vyšší úrovně. Globálněji studie podporuje myšlenku rodové symbolické asymetrie: rodové kategorie se neliší jenom ve svém obsahu, statutu nebo síle, ale také ve své hierarchické kognitivní organizaci., a2_Maskulinitě je připisována symbolická nadřazenost nad feminitou. Aby bylo možné zobecnit výsledky i mimo studentskou populaci, další výzkumy by měly získat data o širší dospělé populaci., b1_The main objective of the research was to verify the symbolic asymmetry in spontaneous and socially shared representations of gender categories, also on the evaluative dimension in the Czech cultural context. Two hundred and twenty-three undergraduate students (117 males and 106 females, M = 20.5 years old) were asked to freely produce their associations on primes Human, Man and Woman (in randomized order) and to evaluate each of them. Hypotheses. 1. Authors expected a stronger overlap between primes Man and Human than between Woman and Human: a) in overall valence of primes; b) on agency-communion dimensions. 2. They expected overall a more favorable evaluation of Woman than Man. 3. They also expected a greater heterogeneity for Man in comparison with Woman in terms of total number of different words associated with primes. Two sets of analyses were subsequently carried out; the overall valence of words associated with each prime and a categorical analysis specifically targeted at evaluating the extent to which responses to the primes pertained to communion vs. agency. For the former an univariate ANOVA was conducted considering prime (Human vs. Man vs. Woman) and sex of participant (Female vs. Male participant) as between-participants variables. For the latter, a mixed ANOVA was performed on the number of associated words considering prime (Human vs. Man vs. Woman) and sex of participant (Female vs. Male participant) as between-participants variables and attributes (Agency vs. Communion) as a within-participants variable. All hypotheses were supported. The results strongly suggest that Czech speakers spontaneously consider Man a higher-level gender. More globally, the study supports the idea of gendersymbolic asymmetry: gender categories do not differ only in their content, status or power, but also in their hierarchical cognitive organizations., b2_ Masculinity holds ascribed symbolic superiority over femininity. In order to generalize the results beyond students, future studies should access the more general adult working populations., Adriana Wyrobkova, Pascal Gygax, Petr Macek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
To determine whether changes in partial pressure of CO2 participate in mechanism enlarging the lung functional residual capacity (FRC) during chronic hypoxia, we measured FRC and ventilation in rats exposed either to poikilocapnic (group H, FIO2 0.1, FICO2 <0.01) or hypercapnic (group H+CO2, FIO2 0.1, FICO2 0.04-0.05) hypoxia for the three weeks and in the controls (group C) breathing air. At the end of exposure a body plethysmograph was used to measure ventilatory parameters (V´E, fR, VT) and FRC during air breathing and acute hypoxia (10 % O2 in N2). The exposure to hypoxia for three weeks increased FRC measured during air breathing in both experimental groups (H: 3.0±0.1 ml, H+CO2: 3.1±0.2 ml, C: 1.8±0.2 ml). During the following acute hypoxia, we observed a significant increase of FRC in the controls (3.2±0.2 ml) and in both experimental groups (H: 3.5±0.2 ml, H+CO2: 3.6±0.2 ml). Because chronic hypoxia combined with chronic hypercapnia and chronic poikilocapnic hypoxia induced the same increase of FRC, we conclude that hypercapnia did not participate in the FRC enlargement during chronic hypoxia., H. Maxová, M. Vízek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of short-term hyperglycemia and short-term hyperinsulinemia on parameters of oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Twenty male rats (aged 3 months, average body weight 325 g) were tested by hyperinsulinemic clamp (100 IU/l) at two different glycemia levels (6 and 12 mmol/l). Further 20 rats were used as a control group infused with normal saline (instead of insulin) and 30 % glucose simultaneously. Measured parameters of oxidative stress were malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (AOC). AOC remained unchanged during hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Malondialdehyde (as a marker of lipid peroxidation) decreased significantly (p<0.05) during the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, and increased significantly during isolated hyperglycemia without hyperinsulinemia. Reduced glutathione decreased significantly (p<0.05) during hyperglycemia without hyperinsulinemia. These results suggest that the short-term exogenous hyperinsulinemia reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during hyperglycemia in an animal model compared with the control group., P. Kyselová, M. Žourek, Z. Rušavý, L. Trefil, J. Racek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The electrical parameters of the cell membrane are mostly estimated employing ac methods. The measurement is based on the analysis of the current(s) flowing through an access resistance and the membrane. A current/potential transducer is used at the input of the device. The parameters of this transducer, especially its feedback capacity, degrades the accuracy of the measurement and hence diminishes the suppression of mutual influences of the individual parameters. The paper suggests a possible software correction and is supplemented by remarks for practical application., V. Rohlíček, F. Rech., and Obsahuje bibliografii