The complete mitochondrial genome of a pyraloid species, Palpita hypohomalia, was sequenced and analyzed. This mitochondrial genome is circular, 15,280 bp long, and includes 37 typical metazoan mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes) and an A + T-rich region. Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (81.6%). All 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with the canonical start codon ATN, except for cox1 which is CGA. The typical stop codon TAA occurs in most PCGs, while nad2 and cox2 show TAG and an incomplete termination codon T, respectively. All tRNAs have a typical clover-leaf structure, except for trnS1 (AGN) which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis showed that the motif "ATGATAA" between atp8 and atp6, and the motif "ATACTAA" between trnS2 and nad1 were commonly present in lepidopteran mitogenomes. Furthermore, the "ATAG" and subsequent poly-T structure, and the A-rich 3' end were conserved in the A + T-rich regions of lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on our dataset of 37 mitochondrial genes yielded identical topology for the Pyraloidea, and is generally identical with that recovered by a previous study based on multiple nuclear genes. In a previous study of the Crambidae, the Evergestinae was synonymized with Glaphyriinae; the present study is the first to clarify their close relationship with mitogenome data.
We prove that a connected Riemannian manifold admitting a pair of nontrivial Einstein-Weyl structures (g, ±ω) with constant scalar curvature is either Einstein, or the dual field of ω is Killing. Next, let (Mn , g) be a complete and connected Riemannian manifold of dimension at least 3 admitting a pair of Einstein-Weyl structures (g,±ω). Then the Einstein-Weyl vector field E (dual to the 1-form ω) generates an infinitesimal harmonic transformation if and only if E is Killing.
A subobjects structure of the category $\Omega $- of $\Omega $-fuzzy sets over a complete $MV$-algebra $\Omega =(L,\wedge ,\vee ,\otimes ,\rightarrow )$ is investigated, where an $\Omega $-fuzzy set is a pair ${\mathbf A}=(A,\delta )$ such that $A$ is a set and $\delta \:A\times A\rightarrow \Omega $ is a special map. Special subobjects (called complete) of an $\Omega $-fuzzy set ${\mathbf A}$ which can be identified with some characteristic morphisms ${\mathbf A}\rightarrow \Omega ^*=(L\times L,\mu )$ are then investigated. It is proved that some truth-valued morphisms $\lnot _{\Omega }\:\Omega ^*\rightarrow \Omega ^*,\cap _{\Omega }$, $\cup _{\Omega } \:\Omega ^*\times \Omega ^*\rightarrow \Omega ^*$ are characteristic morphisms of complete subobjects.
In this paper, after giving the basic results related to the product of functions and the graph of functions in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces, we introduce and study the concept of fuzzy completely continuous functions between intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces.
In a groupoid, consider arbitrarily parenthesized expressions on the k variables x0, x1, . . . xk−1 where each xi appears once and all variables appear in order of their indices. We call these expressions k-ary formal products, and denote the set containing all of them by F σ (k). If u, v ∈ F σ (k) are distinct, the statement that u and v are equal for all values of x0, x1, . . . xk−1 is a generalized associative law. Among other results, we show that many small groupoids are completely dissociative, meaning that no generalized associative law holds in them. These include the two groupoids on {0, 1} where the groupoid operation is implication and NAND, respectively.
In this paper, we introduce and study a new class of completely generalized nonlinear variational inclusions for fuzzy mappings and construct some new iterative algorithms. We prove the existence of solutions for this kind of completely generalized nonlinear variational inclusions and the convergence of iterative sequences generated by the algorithms.
Responsiveness of Lepidoptera phenology to climate has been detected in a number of species during the current trend in global warming. There is still a question of whether climate signals would be evident in historical data. In this paper we examine the climatic response of 155 species of moths and butterflies collected during the period 1866-1884 in Wiltshire, southern England. In general, species responded to increased temperature in the previous October by delayed appearance and to increased temperature in the current spring by advanced appearance. Thus, differential changes in temperatures of the autumn and spring could well affect changes in the relative pattern of the phenology of species. Attributes influencing the species' ecology were examined to see if they influenced temperature responsiveness. In general, few consistent effects emerged, though responsiveness to climate was found to be greater for species eclosing later in the year, specifically to the previous autumn temperatures, and to hibernal environment, increasingly for species less exposed to air temperatures. These findings warn against expecting simple responses to climate warming.
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) belongs to cardiac disorders characterized by impaired closure of mitral leaflets. We studied adolescent group of patients with MVP suffering from symptomatology that cannot be explained by mitral regurgitation alone. Several studies suggested that symptoms can be explained by autonomic, in particular sympathetic-linked dysfunction. Thus, we assessed non-invasive sympathetic indices of blood pressure and heart rate variability and electrodermal activity (EDA). Fifty-three adolescents with MVP (age: 15.1±0.4 years) and 43 healthy age- and gender-matched adolescents (age: 14.9±0.4 years) were examined. Blood pressure, heart rate and EDA were continuously recorded during 6-min rest. Evaluated parameters were: low frequency band of systolic blood pressure variability, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, mean RR interval, cardiac sympathetic indices: symbolic dynamics (0V%), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), pre-ejection period (PEP), and EDA. Our findings revealed significantly higher systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure values, shortened mean RR interval, increased 0V%, and shortened LVET in MVP patients vs. controls (p=0.028, p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, p=0.050, p<0.001; respectively). Our study revealed enhanced cardiovascular sympathetic regulation in adolescent MVP patients. We suggest that evaluation of noninvasive sympathetic parameters could represent potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of cardiovascular complications associated with MVP already at adolescent age.