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39692. Understanding Agent Systems - 2nd edition. Mark d'Inverno, Michael Luck
- Creator:
- Brandejsky, Tomas
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39693. Understanding enkratic reasoning
- Creator:
- Gjelsvik, Olav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- akrasia, Broome, enkrasia, enthymematic reasoning, incomplete reasoning, inference, practical inference, and weak will
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Beginning from John Broome’s approach to Enkrasia, the paper quickly moves to giving a condensed presentation of an approach to practical reasoning motivated by a Fregean approach to inference (in theoretical reasoning). The suggested account of practical reasoning avoids using rationality requirements to do explanatory work when accounting for correct reasoning, and thus avoids lots of problems. It is strictly conservative in its approach, and no new inference rules are required for moving from the theoretical to the practical case. It is suggested that we can stick to deductive reasoning when accounting for practical reasoning proper; the crucial premiss from theoretical reasoning about practical matters cannot normally be established this way. The paper moves on to tackle counterarguments to the effect that there will simply be too little correct practical reasoning on the present (deductive) approach. The simple account of correct reasoning has too high a cost, it is argued. The paper meets this objection when it argues that much reasoning is enthymematic or incomplete reasoning. By making specific claims about how there may be practical premisses to which we do not attend even when they are, in some sense, before the mind, the approach is defended., Počínaje přístupem Johna Broomeho k Enkrasii se papír rychle přesouvá k tomu, aby poskytl zhuštěnou prezentaci přístupu k praktickému uvažování motivovanému Fregeanovým přístupem k závěru (v teoretickém uvažování). Navrhovaný popis praktického uvažování se vyhýbá použití požadavků na racionálnost při vysvětlování při správném uvažování a vyhýbá se tak spoustě problémů. Ve svém přístupu je striktně konzervativní a pro přechod z teoretického do praktického případu nejsou nutná žádná nová pravidla odvozování. Navrhujeme, abychom se mohli držet deduktivních úvah, když se budeme zabývat praktickým vysvětlováním; rozhodující předpoklad z teoretického uvažování o praktických záležitostech nemůže být normálně takto stanoven. Příspěvek se zaměřuje na řešení protiargumentů v tom smyslu, že bude existovat příliš málo správných praktických úvah o současném (deduktivním) přístupu. Jednoduchý popis správného uvažování má příliš vysoké náklady, tvrdí se. Příspěvek tuto námitku splňuje, když argumentuje, že mnoho úvah je entymatické nebo neúplné uvažování. Konkrétními tvrzeními o tom, jak mohou existovat praktické předpoklady, kterých se nezúčastníme, i když jsou v určitém smyslu před myslmi, je přístup bráněn., and Olav Gjelsvik
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39694. Understanding housing development in new European member states - a housing regime approach
- Creator:
- Hegedüs, József
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- comparative housing policy and East-European housing
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The paper will address the development of housing regimes in the new EU member states,introducing the analytical framework of a housing sector matrix to classifyforms of housing by tenure andintegration mechanism. Thus, ourhousing sector matrixcombines two common approaches: thestructure of housing provision (Ball and Harloe 1992) and the tenure-focused approach (Kemeny 1981, 1995). Starting from this rough typology of housing provisions, we also take further factors that have a major impact on the behaviour of stakeholders/actors into consideration, namely the legal/regulatory environment and the subsidy/tax system, to define the housing regimes. In its analysing of the development of the new member states the paperdifferentiates between global factors (economic development model, countries’ position in global economic structures, etc.) and local factors like the political/power structure, mainstream social ideology, the interplay betweendifferent stakeholders, etc. Institutional analyses (Bengtsson and Ruonavaara 2010) that take path-dependent factors into account are thus best able to address the process by which new housing regimes emerged in post-socialist countries and the degree to which we find convergence/divergence trends. The paper analyses three junctures in the development process after 1990: radical changes after the collapse of the old system; the development of the mortgage market and the regulation of the social sector at the turn of 2000; and reactions to the financial crisis of 2008. The paper concludes that the new member states are following the same trajectory despite their institutional differences.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39695. Understanding intraspecific variation in genome size in plants
- Creator:
- Šmarda, Petr and Bureš, Petr
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- chromosome segregation, DNA content, genome size evolution, inheritance, microevolution, natural selection, nucleotype effect, phenotypic effect, and spatio-temporal variation
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Intraspecific variation in genome size makes it possible to study ongoing processes of genome size evolution. Although there are over 200 papers on intraspecific variation in genome size, there is still limited understanding of this phenomenon, especially as many of these papers are based on weak methodology and therefore report biased or false evidence of the extent of intraspecific variation. In this paper the recent progress in understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of intraspecific variation in genome size caused by the gradual accumulation of mutations is reviewed. The results of the case studies on Microseris douglasii, Zea mays, Silene latifolia, Hordeum spontaneum and Lolium hybrids, and in particular that on Festuca pallens, are discussed. The variation in genome size that occurs within species is caused mainly by differences in the content of repetitive DNA, in particular it is a consequence of the dynamics of transposable elements. Variation may be induced and maintained polytopically.We assume that it is probably more frequent in groups of young radiating species. Even in the initial stages, the variation in genome size generated within a population seems to be restricted by selection, which is also important in stabilizing genome size within species. The long-term persistence of the variation within a population and its further accumulation may be enhanced by gametes with different genome sizes, produced by the segregation of unequally sized homeologous chromosomes. Over large geographical scales and across contrasting environmental gradients, the distribution of genome sizes within species may be influenced by the nucleotype effect, with smaller genomes being more successful at higher latitudes and altitudes and under stressful conditions. However, the small differences in genome size within species seem generally to be of minor importance relative to other components of plant fitness that may be selectively favourable under particular environmental or habitat conditions. The processes generating variation in genome size may be associated with phenotypic variation. While the shift in the genome size of a population through selection enables adaptive evolution of genome size in a newly arising species, the spatio-temporal variation in genome size within an ancestral species allows for a rapid multiple genome size divergence of related species through random drift in genome size (founder effect, bottleneck effect) during range fragmentation, hybridization and/or polyploidization.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
39696. Une application du lemme de Mittag-Leffler dans la categorie des quotients d’espaces de Frechet
- Creator:
- Aqzzouz, Belmesnaoui
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fréchet space, projective limit, and surjective mapping
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- An application of Mittag-Leffler lemma in the category of quotients of Fréchet spaces. We use Mittag-Leffler Lemma to prove that for a nonempty interval ]a, b[⊂ R, the restriction mapping H∞(]a, b[+iR) → C∞ (]a, b[) is surjective and we give a corollary.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39697. Une fibule ornithomorphe du début du Ve sie`cle avant J.-C. au musée de Slaný (Boheˆme)
- Creator:
- Kruta, Venceslas and Moucha, Václav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fibule ornithomorphe, époque tardo-hallstattienne, relations nord-sud, symbolique du corail et de l’oiseau aquatique, bird’s head brooch, Late Hallstatt period, north-south relations, and symbolism of coral and water fowl
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- L’article présente un exemplaire inédit de fibule tardo-hallstattienne à tête d’oiseau aquatique provenant de Bohême et conservé au Musée de Slaný, discute son contexte général, sa datation et sa relation avec les formes laténiennes analogues. À partir de l’état actuel de nos connaissances, il devrait s’agir d’une catégorie de parures diffusée à partir de l’Italie septentrionale vers le début du Ve siècle av. J.-C. Son lien avec le corail, matière associée à la vie chez les Celtes, ainsi que l’image de l’oiseau aquatique, liée aux changements saisonniers et au concept de l’alternance cyclique, confirment la signification symbolique de l’objet. and The article uses as yet unpublished Late Hallstatt brooch from Bohemia to create an overview of knowledge on bird’s head brooches from this period, their general context, dating and relationships with related Early La Tène forms. According to current information on the state of research, this is a category of brooches whose origin can best be traced to northern Italy at the beginning of the 5th century BC. The use of coral, a material connected with the Celtic notion of life, and the depiction of water fowl connected with the concept of cyclical alternation, confirm the symbolic meaning of the artefact.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39698. Unenlightened Enlightenment
- Creator:
- Kowalewska, Danuta
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- osvícenství, enlightenment, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Danuta Kowalewska.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39699. UNESCO Chair in Bioethics na FF PU v Prešově
- Creator:
- Gluchman, Vasil
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
39700. UNESCO Institute for Statistics
- Creator:
- Růžička, Jakub
- Format:
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- sociologie, statistika, sociology, 18, and 316
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Jakub Růžička. and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public