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403. Factors controlling alterations in the performance of a runoff model in changing climate conditions

Creator:
Sleziak, Patrik, Ján, Hlavčová, Doris, Duethmann, Doris, Parajka, Juraj, and Danko, Michal
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
climate change, efficiency of runoff model, TUW model, regression trees, and Austria
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In many Austrian catchments in recent decades an increase in the mean annual air temperature and precipitation has been observed, but only a small change in the mean annual runoff. The main objective of this paper is (1) to analyze alterations in the performance of a conceptual hydrological model when applied in changing climate conditions and (2) to assess the factors and model parameters that control these changes. A conceptual rainfall-runoff model (the TUW model) was calibrated and validated in 213 Austrian basins from 1981–2010. The changes in the runoff model’s efficiency have been compared with changes in the mean annual precipitation and air temperature and stratified for basins with dominant snowmelt and soil moisture processes. The results indicate that while the model’s efficiency in the calibration period has not changed over the decades, the values of the model’s parameters and hence the model’s performance (i.e., the volume error and the runoff model’s efficiency) in the validation period have changed. The changes in the model’s performance are greater in basins with a dominant soil moisture regime. For these basins, the average volume error which was not used in calibration has increased from 0% (in the calibration periods 1981–1990 or 2001–2010) to 9% (validation period 2001–2010) or –8% (validation period 1981–1990), respectively. In the snow-dominated basins, the model tends to slightly underestimate runoff volumes during its calibration (average volume error = –4%), but the changes in the validation periods are very small (i.e., the changes in the volume error are typically less than 1–2%). The model calibrated in a colder decade (e.g., 1981–1990) tends to overestimate the runoff in a warmer and wetter decade (e.g., 2001–2010), particularly in flatland basins. The opposite case (i.e., the use of parameters calibrated in a warmer decade for a colder, drier decade) indicates a tendency to underestimate runoff. A multidimensional analysis by regression trees showed that the change in the simulated runoff volume is clearly related to the change in precipitation, but the relationship is not linear in flatland basins. The main controlling factor of changes in simulated runoff volumes is the magnitude of the change in precipitation for both groups of basins. For basins with a dominant snowmelt runoff regime, the controlling factors are also the wetness of the basins and the mean annual precipitation. For basins with a soil moisture regime, landcover (forest) plays an important role.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

404. Factualism and anti-descriptivism: a challenge to the materialist criterion of fundamentality

Creator:
Castro, Víctor Fernández
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
descriptivism, factualism, fundamental categories, and mental vocabulary
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Inspired by the work of Sellars, Cumpa (2014, 2018) and Buonomo (2021) have argued that we can evaluate our metaphysical proposals on fundamental categories in terms of their capacity for reconciling the scientific and the manifest image of the world. This criterion of fundamentality would allow us to settle the question of which categories among those proposed in the debate—e.g., substance, structure or facts—have a better explanatory value. The aim of this essay is to argue against a central assumption of the criterion: semantic descriptivism. Specifically, I aim at showing that the criterion rests on the idea that the manifest picture is mostly a description of the world, and thus, it commits us with certain realism. Instead, I argue that at least some of the vocabulary we use to construct our manifest picture of the world, mental vocabulary, is evaluative rather than descriptive and thus creates problems in reconciling the manifest picture with scientific psychology and neurosciences. I conclude with some remarks on alternatives that could provide a way out of the fundamentality criterion.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

405. Faktory ovplyvňujúce dynamiku plavenín počas zrážkovoodtokových udalostí na malom povodí

Creator:
Bača, Peter
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
suspended sediment dynamics, hysteresis, sediment availability, sediment supply, dynamika plavenín, hysteréza, dostupnosť sedimentov, and postupný prísun sedimentov
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Suspended sediment dynamics during hydrological events influenced by rainstorms and factors controlling changes in sediment dynamics were investigated in a small basin scale, since small basins can be considered as one of the most important sediment sources. The study focuses on the agricultural microbasin Rybárik, near Považská Bystrica (Western Slovakia). Suspended sediment concentrations were measured during discharge waves in the years 1987-1990, 1992, 2000 and 2001. The behaviour of suspended sediments in watercourses is not only a function of energy conditions, but also a function of sediment availability. The variations in sediment supply and sediment depletion result in so-called hysteresis effects. Thus, suspended sediment concentrations at rising and falling limbs are different for equal discharges. Positive and anti-clockwise hysteresis was observed at Rybárik basin. The procedure of separation of factors controlling sediment dynamics has given more realistic view on production and transport of suspended sediments. It is confirmed that spatial and temporal variability of sediment availability and suspended sediment dilution by the baseflow, mainly in the case of two or more waves following one after another control significantly suspended sediment dynamics. and Keďže malé povodia možno považovať za jeden z hlavných zdrojov sedimentov, na malom povodí bol skúmaný režim plavenín počas hydrologických udalostí spôsobených prívalovými zrážkami, a faktory ovplyvňujúce zmeny v dynamike plavenín. Štúdia bola vykonaná na poľnohospodárskom mikropovodí Rybárik pri Považskej Bystrici. Koncentrácie plavenín boli merané počas prietokových vĺn v rokoch 1987- 1990, 1992, 2000 a 2001. Režim plavenín vo vodných tokoch nie je funkciou len transportnej kapacity toku, ale aj dostupnosti sedimentov. Zmeny v zásobovaní a vyčerpávaní sedimentov spôsobujú tzv. hysterézny efekt. To znamená, že koncentrácie plavenín na stúpajúcej a klesajúcej vetve vlny sú rozdielne pri tých istých prietokoch. V povodí Rybárik bola pozorovaná pozitívna aj opačná hysteréza. Postup izolovania faktorov, ktoré ovplyvňujú dynamiku plavenín, prináša reálnejší obraz o tvorbe a transporte plavenín. Ukazuje sa, že zrieďovanie koncentrácií plavenín základným odtokom a časová a priestorová heterogenita územia z hľadiska dostupnosti sedimentov, predovšetkým v situácii tesne za sebou nasledujúcich prívalových vĺn, sa významne podieľajú na celkovej dynamike plavenín.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

406. Falsificationism and the pragmatic problem of induction

Creator:
Frederick, Danny
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
conjecture, falsification, induction, Karl Popper, pragmatic problem of induction, and rational action
Language:
Slovak
Description:
I explain how Karl Popper resolved the problem of induction but not the pragmatic problem of induction. I show that Popper's proposed solution to the pragmatic problem of induction is inconsistent with his solution to the problem of induction. I explain how Popper’s falsificationist epistemology can solve the pragmatic problem of induction in the same negative way that it solves the problem of induction.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

407. Faultless disagreement contextualism

Creator:
Davies, Alex
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
disagreement, faultless disagreement, instrumental reasons, and objectivity
Language:
Slovak
Description:
It is widely assumed that the possibility of faultless disagreement is to be explained by the peculiar semantics and/or pragmatics of special kinds of linguistic construction. For instance, if A asserts “o is F” and B asserts this sentence’s denial, A and B can disagree faultlessly only if they employ the right kind of predicate as their “F”. In this paper, I present an argument against this assumption. Focusing on the special case when the expression of interest is a predicate, I present a series of examples in which the same pairs of sentences are employed, but in different contexts. In some cases, we get an impression of faultless disagreement and in some cases we don’t. I identify a pattern across these contexts and conclude that faultless disagreement is made possible, not by a special kind of predicate, but instead by a special kind of context.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

408. Feyerabend’s alternative theories within goodman’s worldmaking

Creator:
Fišerová, Nicole
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
alternative theories, methodological anarchism, Nelson Goodman, Paul Feyerabend, philosophy of science, theory of symbols, worldmaking, and world-versions
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The main purpose of this paper is to compare two pluralistic approaches to knowledge, Goodman’s theory of worldmaking and Feyerabend’s methodological anarchism. It therefore examines firstly, the concept of world-versions, which according to Goodman create our worlds and at the same time are crucial for achieving a better understanding of reality; and secondly, the concept of alternative theories which are built upon pluralism and, according to Feyerabend, secure knowledge and make scientific progress possible. Feyerabend’s concept has been rejected by many, seemingly for its lack of limitations. In line with this argument, I propose that based on the comparison of these two pluralistic approaches, the alternative theories can be understood as a part of worldmaking, for Goodman’s theory has wider applicability since it encompasses not only science but also art. Furthermore, I suggest adopting Goodman’s principle of rightness, the criterion of functionality in his worldmaking, as a criterion within Feyerabend’s methodological anarchism when establishing the prevailing theory. It is to be expected that such a juxtaposition will uncover inconsistencies, in particular regarding boundless relativism and the vague terminology in both conceptions.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

409. Ficta as contingently nonconcrete

Creator:
Lightfield, Ceth
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
actualism, fictional realism, and object theory
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Fictional realism allows direct reference theorists to provide a straightfor- ward analysis of the semantics of fictional discourse by admitting into their ontology a set of objects (ficta) that serve as the referents of fictional names. Ficta may be modeled using an axiomatic object theory, but actualist interpretations of the formalism have been the subject of recent objections. In this paper, I provide an interpretation of object theory’s formalism that is consistent with actualism and avoids these objections. Drawing on insights from an actualist semantics for quantified modal logic, a central point in my proposal is to interpret ficta as contingently nonconcrete objects., Fiktivní realismus umožňuje přímým teoretikům poskytnout přímou analýzu sémantiky fikčního diskurzu tím, že do své ontologie připouští soubor objektů (ficta), které slouží jako odkazy fiktivních jmen. Ficta může být modelována pomocí axiomatické objektové teorie, ale aktualistické interpretace formalismu byly předmětem nedávných námitek. V tomto příspěvku poskytuji výklad formalismu objektové teorie, který je v souladu se skutečností a vyhýbá se těmto námitkám. Na základě poznatků z aktuální sémantiky pro kvantifikovanou modální logiku je v mém návrhu ústředním bodem interpretace fikce jako podmíněných nespecifických objektů., and Ceth Lightfield
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

410. Fictional and factual autobiography from the perspective of speech act theory

Creator:
Tlustý, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
fictional autobiography, speech act theory, John Searle, John Maxwell Coetzee, Bohumil Hrabal, fiktivní autobiografie, and teorie řečových aktů
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The study considers the pertinence of Searle’s speech act theory to literary studies, more specifically to the definition of fictional and factual autobiography. Searle’s conception of fictional discourse as a pretended assertion influenced Gérard Genette in his definition of the necessary condition of factual autobiography, which he sees in the identity of the author with the narrator, meaning that in autobiography, the author bears full responsibility for what he or she asserts. According to Genette, if the narrator and the author are not identical, the autobiography is fictional. These theoretical arguments are then applied to the interpretation of Bohumil Hrabal’s trilogy In-House Weddings, Vita Nuova and Gaps and the fictional autobiography Boyhood, Youth and Summertime by John Maxwell Coetzee., Studie zvažuje vhodnost Searleovy teorie řeči k literárním studiím, více specificky k definici smyšlené a faktické autobiografie. Searleovo pojetí fiktivního diskurzu jako předstíraného tvrzení ovlivnilo Gérard Genette v jeho definici nezbytné podmínky faktické autobiografie, kterou vidí v identitě autora s vypravěčem, což znamená, že v autobiografii nese plnou odpovědnost za to, co on nebo on tvrdí. Podle Genette, jestliže vypravěč a autor nejsou identičtí, autobiografie je smyšlená. Tyto teoretické argumenty jsou pak aplikovány na výklad trilogie Bohumila Hrabala In-House Weddings , Vita Nuova a Gaps a fiktivní autobiografieBoyhood, mládí a léto John Maxwell Coetzee., and Jan Tlustý
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public