Number of results to display per page
Search Results
962. Ötzi, Irský obr a další ve světle práva: právní povaha a standard důstojného zacházení se zemřelým lidským tělem
- Creator:
- Šolc, Martin
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- legal status of the deceased human body, dealing with the deceased human body, dignity of the human body, postmortal protection, právní povaha zemřelého lidského těla, nakládání se zemřelým lidským tělem, důstojnost lidského těla, and postmortální ochrana
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The problem of the legal status of the human body and the permissible dealing with the body is connected to some of the basic questions of human existence, morality, and the law. However, it is not entirely clear under which circumstances the human body can be considered a thing and what dealing with it is in the breach of law. This is even truer when the postmortal protection through the rights of the persons close to the deceased cannot be applied, especially in cases of the discovery of unidentified bodies or bodies of persons deceased a very long time ago. The article is based on current Czech law and its interpretation in the sense of Rouček’s and Sedláček’s rule according to which the human body is a thing if the decency does not oblige us to see the body of a specific deceased person in it. I defend the hypothesis that this rule – in the general private law perspective – should be understood as abstract specificity, or the belonging to the humankind. Its application will be limited by the time from the death of the person since the potential of the dealing with the body to contradict the public order or good manners decreases with time. An alternative reason to categorize the dead body as a thing in the legal sense can consist in the application of the work and skill exception. Furthermore, there are defined the general rules for determination of the standard of respectful dealing with the deceased body in particular cases. This standard should be understood in a subjectivised way so the known or presumed wishes of the deceased can be taken into account. At the same time, dealing with the body cannot be in gross conflict with the social beliefs regarding the dignity of the human body. The protection of the deceased body can be proportionally limited in the public interest. and Problematika právní povahy zemřelého lidského těla a přípustného zacházení s ním se dotýká některých základních otázek lidské existence, mravnosti a práva. Přesto není zcela najisto postaveno, za jakých okolností může být lidské tělo považováno za věc a jaké zacházení s ním je v rozporu s právem. To se týká především situací, kdy se neuplatní postmortální ochrana prostřednictvím nároků osob zemřelému blízkých, zejména tedy při nálezech neidentifikovaných těl nebo těl osob dávno zemřelých. Článek vychází z platného českého práva a jeho výkladu ve smyslu Roučkova a Sedláčkova pravidla, podle něhož je lidské tělo věcí, pokud se v něm již nesluší spatřovat tělo určité zemřelé osoby. Obhajuji přitom hypotézu, že uvedenému pravidlu je v obecné soukromoprávní rovině vhodné rozumět jako abstraktní určitosti, tedy přináležitosti k lidskému druhu, přičemž jeho aplikace bude omezena časem, který uplynul od smrti zemřelého, neboť potencialita rozporu konkrétního způsobu zacházení s tělem s veřejným pořádkem i dobrými mravy se s plynutím času snižuje. Alternativním důvodem pro zařazení zemřelého těla do kategorie věcí v právním smyslu může být uplatnění konceptu work and skill exception. Dále jsou v článku dovozena obecná pravidla pro určení standardu důstojného zacházení se zemřelým tělem v konkrétních případech. Tento standard je třeba chápat subjektivizovaně tak, aby umožnil zohlednění skutečných či předpokládaných přání zemřelého s tím, že naložení s tělem nesmí být v hrubém rozporu s představou společnosti o důstojnosti lidského těla. Pietní ochrana pak může být proporcionálně omezena ve veřejném zájmu.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
963. Our first experience implementing “clinical embryology and reproductive medicine” as a curriculum course of the Study Program General Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Slovakia
- Creator:
- Varga, Ivan, Lapides, Lenka, Brucknerová, Ingrid, Gálfiová, Paulína, Visnyaiová, Kristína, Csöbönyeiová, Mária, Klein, Martin, Žiaran, Stanislav, Sysák, Rastislav, and Záhumenský, Jozef
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- assisted reproduction, clinical embryology, congenital malformations, infertility, prenatal diagnosis, and reproductive immunology and endocrinology
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- There is no separate course in the medical curriculum summarizing all aspects of human reproduction in most medical school curricula. At the same time, such a course would logically connect knowledge from clinical embryology and assisted reproduction, encompassing the issue of female and male infertility, mechanisms of birth defect formation, their prenatal diagnosis and subsequent specialized neonatal care. The aim of a wide team of university teachers comprising embryologists, gynecologists, neonatologists, endocrinologists, geneticists and others was to create and implement a new course entitled "Clinical Embryology and Reproductive Medicine" into the fourth-year curriculum of the study program General Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava. There has been a great interest in the course, as evidenced by the number of medical students enrolled. The lecture syllabuses have been divided into several thematic areas: 1) Clinical embryology including a laboratory part of assisted reproduction, 2) Cause and treatment options of female and male infertility, 3) A comprehensive view of the issue of birth defects, 4) The issue of preconception education, prenatal and childbirth training, family planning, 5) Reproductive immunology and endocrinology. Despite the complexity of human reproduction being a mainstay of gynecology and obstetrics, it is underemphasized in the medical school curricula worldwide. It is often reflected in shorter hospital / practical trainings during undergraduate studies and lower requirements at the final exam. Therefore, as students almost unanimously valued, this new course is extremely helpful in preparing for the final state exam.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
964. Ovarian reserve assessed by the anti-Mullerian hormone and reproductive health parameters in women with Crohn´s disease, a case-control study
- Creator:
- Koller, Tomáš, Kollerová, Jana, Hlavatý, Tibor, Kadlečková, Barbora, and Payer, Juraj
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyziologie člověka, lékařství, human physiology, medicine, Crohn’s disease, Ovarian reserve, Follicle depletion, AntiMullerian hormone, Reproductive health, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- According to several studies, women with Crohn's disease (CD) had reduced fertility, which is mostly due to voluntary decisions and reduced ovarian reserve. In our study, we aimed to compare reproductive health parameters (RHP), previous pregnancy complications and outcomes, and ovarian reserve (OR) assessed by the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in CD patients with healthy controls. In CD patients, we also compared OR according to disease phenotypes. Consecutive pre-menopausal women with CD from two IBD centers were included. The control group consisted of age and BMI-matched healthy controls. We used a questionnaire that included RHP, CD phenotype, and CD activity. Serum AMH was assessed by the Elecsys AMH plus essay. We enrolled 50 patients and 56 controls with a median age of 31 years. All CD patients were in clinical remission. We observed no difference in RHP or AMH (median 2.6 vs. 2.1 ug/l, p = 0.98), or the proportion of low OR (AMH<1,77, 38 vs. 41.1 %, p=0.84). The slope of age-related decrease did not differ between the groups. The subgroup of CD patients after surgery and those older than 30 years with CD for >5years had a steeper decrease in AMH (slope -0.12 vs. -0.29, p = 0.04 and - 0.31 vs. -0.2, p = 0.029). In a multivariate analysis, age was the single independent predictor of low OR (OR=1.25). In women with Crohn’s disease, once the disease activity is under control, the reproductive health and ovarian reserve do not substantially differ from healthy controls., Tomáš Koller, Jana Kollerová, Tibor Hlavatý, Barbora Kadlečková, Juraj Payer., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
965. Ovarian steroid hormone secretion by human granulosa cells after supplementation of sambucus nigra L. extract
- Creator:
- Baldovská, Simona, Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep, Bandik, Marek, Mihal, Michal, Mnahoncakova, Erika, Árvay, Július, Pavlik, Aleš, Sláma, Petr, and Kolesárová, Adriana
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- progesteron, progesterone, black elder, HGL5, ovarian steroidogenesis, 17β-estradiol, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Beneficial effects of Sambucus nigra L. (black elder) as a traditional medicine have been associated with the phytoconstituents including polyphenols, terpenes and lectins. Various antioxidant rich natural products have also been implicated with improvement of reproductive health and fertility, however, the effect of Sambucus nigra on the ovarian cell functions has not been investigated yet. The objectives of the present study were to screen the polyphenols in the elderflower and elderberry extracts, and to examine the secretion activity of steroid hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone by human ovarian granulosa cells HGL5 after supplementation of the extracts at a concentration range of 12.5 to 100 µg.ml-1 . Qualitative as well as quantitative screening of polyphenols by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis revealed rutin to be the most abundant polyphenol in both elderflower and elderberry extracts. In culture, neither elderflower nor elderberry extract caused any significant impact (p>0.05) in cell viability as studied by AlamarBlue assay in comparison to control. However, a dosedependent stimulation of 17β-estradiol release was detected by ELISA after supplementation of elderflower (at 50 µg.ml-1 ; p<0.01) and elderberry (at 100 µg.ml-1 ; p<0.05) extracts at higher doses used in the study. On the other hand, both elderflower and elderberry extracts stimulated the secretion of progesterone by HGL5 cells at a lower dose (12.5 µg.ml-1 ; p<0.05), as compared to control. Therefore, elderflower and elderberry extracts may have the potential to regulate steroidogenesis in ovarian cells., Simona Baldovska, Shubhadeep Roychoudhury, Marek Bandik, Michal Mihal, Erika Mnahoncakova, Julius Arvay, Ales Pavlik, Petr Slama, Adriana Kolesarova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
966. Overenie psychometrických charakteristík skríningových nástrojov internalizujúceho a externalizujúceho správania mládeže
- Creator:
- Boleková, Veronika, Majerčáková Albertová, Silvia, and Arslan, Gökmen
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Skríning internalizujúceho správania mládeže, Skríning externalizujúceho správania mládeže, psychometrické vlastnosti, Youth Internalizing Behavior Screener, Youth Externalizing Behavior Screener, and psychometric properties
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Cieľom výskumu bolo prvotné overenie psychometrických charakteristík slovenského prekladu Skríningov internalizujúceho (YIBS) a externalizujúceho (YEBS) správania mládeže. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 526 žiakov základných a stredných škôl vo veku 10 až 19 rokov (M = 12,81; SD = 2,00). Koeficienty reliability pre YIBS (ω = 0,87) aj YEBS (ω = 0,81) nadobúdajú uspokojivé hodnoty. Stredne silný vzťah bol zistený medzi školskou začlenenosťou a mierou internalizujúcich (rs = - 0,44; p ˂ 0,001) aj externalizujúcich symptómov (rs = - 0,30; p ˂ 0,001). Výsledky konfirmačnej faktorovej analýzy podporili dvojfaktorovú štruktúru dotazníka YIBS merajúceho úzkosť a depresiu. Hodnoty indikátorov v prípade YEBS boli na hranici akceptovateľnosti pre prijatie trojfaktorového modelu (problémové správanie, hyperaktivita, problémy s pozornosťou) až po identifikovaní a odstránení jednej problematickej položky. Výsledky overovania slovenského prekladu metód poukazujú na uspokojivé psychometrické charakteristiky dotazníka YIBS a zároveň na potrebu reformulácie problematickej položky v škále YEBS. and The aim of the study was an initial investigation of the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the Youth Internalizing Behavior Screener (YIBS) and Youth Externalizing Behavior Screener (YEBS). The sample consisted of 526 10- to 19-year-old students of primary and secondary schools (M = 12.81; SD = 2.00). Both measures, YIBS (ω = 0.87) and YEBS (ω = 0.81) had satisfactory reliability coefficients. Medium-to-large associations were found between school membership and internalizing (rs = - 0.44; p ˂ 0.001) as well as externalizing behaviors (rs = - 0.30; p ˂ 0.001). Findings from confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor structure of YIBS, measuring symptoms of anxiety and depression. Findings for YEBS were barely acceptable to support the three-factor measurement model (conduct problems, hyperactivity, attention problems) only after the identification and removal of a problematic item. The results of the investigation of psychometric properties of methods provide satisfactory evidence in favour of the Slovak version of the YIBS while addressing the need for rewording of the problematic YEBS item.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
967. Overenie psychometrických vlastností slovenskej verzie škály FCV-19S (Fear of COVID-19 Scale)
- Creator:
- Rajčániová, Eva, Pekárová, Veronika, and Tomšik, Robert
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fear of COVID-19 Scale, fear of coronavirus, psychometric characteristic, strach z koronavírusu, and psychometrické vlastnosti
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Objectives. Fear of the new coronavirus, as an emotional response to a pandemic situation that has plagued the world since early 2020, has many implications for the behaviour and psy-chological experiences of the population. To measure the fear of coronavirus a 7-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) was developed, now successfully used in more than 20 coun-tries around the world. This study deals with the verification of psychometric characteristics of the Slovak version of FCV-19S, focusing on its factor structure, measurement invariance with respect to gender, reliability in terms of internal consistency, and convergent validity based on structural equation modeling (SEM) and based on the relationship to related constructs of anxi-ety, depression, and stress.Sample and settings. Data were collected on-line (N=744; aged 17–78) during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic in Slovakia.Along with FCV-19S, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index, Perceived Stress Scale, and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were administered to the respondents.Results. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor structure of the instrument with two subscales, Emotional and Physiological Symptoms. The FCV-19S has proven to be a gender-invariant tool, so it can be used to compare fear experiences in men and women. The results further indicate good inter-nal consistency and convergent validity of the Slovak version of the scale.Limitations. Measurement invariance of FCV-19S across age, education or ethnic groups was not tested in the present study. Stability of the scores over time was also not examined due to cross-sectional design. The study is limited by online data collection and convenience sam-pling method. and Ciele. Strach z nového koronavírusu ako emo-cionálna reakcia na pandemickú situáciu, ktorá sužuje svet už od začiatku roka 2020, má mnoho súvislostí so správaním a prežívaním obyvateľ-stva. Na jeho zaznamenávanie bola odborníkmi vyvinutá 7-položková škála Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), ktorá je úspešne využívaná vo viac ako dvadsiatich krajinách sveta. Táto štúdia sa venuje overeniu psychometrických charak-teristík slovenskej verzie FCV-19S, pričom sa zameriava na overenie jej faktorovej štruktúry, invariancie merania vzhľadom na pohlavie, re-liability v zmysle vnútornej konzistencie, kon-vergentnej validity v zmysle štrukturálneho modelovania (SEM) a na základe vzťahu s prí-buznými premennými úzkosťou, depresivitou a stresom. Výskumný súbor ametódy. Zber dát prebie-hal online (N = 744; vek 17–78 rokov) počas prebiehajúcej pandémie koronavírusu na Slo-vensku. Okrem FCV-19S boli respondentom administrované WHO-5 Index osobnej pohody, Škála vnímaného stresu (PSS-10) a Škála úz-kosti z koronavírusu (CAS).Výsledky. Výsledky konfirmačnej faktorovej analýzy podporili dvojfaktorovú štruktúru ná-stroja s dvomi subškálami Emocionálne a Fy-ziologické symptómy. FCV-19S sa ukázal ako nástroj invariantný vzhľadom na pohlavie, je ho preto možné využiť na porovnanie prežívaného strachu u mužov a žien. Výsledky ďalej pouka-zujú na dobrú vnútornú konzistenciu a konver-gentnú validitu slovenskej verzie škály. Limity. V štúdii nebola overovaná invariancia merania FCV-19S vzhľadom na vek, vzdelanie a etnicitu. Vzhľadom na prierezový dizajn ďalej nebola zisťovaná stabilita nástroja v čase. Štúdia je tiež limitovaná online zberom dát a príležitostným výberom výskumnej vzorky.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
968. Overwintering of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Scots pine in Central Europe
- Creator:
- Holecová, Milada , Zach, Peter , Hollá, Katarína , Šebestová, Miroslava , Klesniaková , Mária , Šestáková, Anna , Honěk, Alois , Nedvěd, Oldřich , Parák, Michal , Martinková, Zdenka , Holec, Juraj , Viglášová, Sandra , M.J. Brown, Peter , Roy, Helen E., and Kulfan, Ján
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Pinus sylvestris, diapause, overwintering, temporal changes, and Central Europe
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We surveyed ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in 10 stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), all monoculture stands 5–100 years old, in western Slovakia, Central Europe, over two successive periods, October 2013 – March 2014 and October 2014 – March 2015. The winter in each period was exceptionally mild. Ladybirds were collected from the lower branches of pine trees using beating trays and were present in 61% of the 1040 samples (one sample containing ladybirds from 20 branches, 1 m long each). In total 3965 individuals of 20 species were recorded. Non-conifer dwelling species associated with broadleaved trees or herbaceous plants prevailed (45% of species), followed by conifer specialists (40%) and generalists (15%). Although 13 species were found at least in one winter month, December, January or February, only four of them, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis and Hippodamia variegata, were recorded continually during both winters. The number of species, the abundance of all ladybirds and the abundance of dominant species (E. quadripustulatus, C. septempunctata and H. axyridis) decreased from late autumn towards winter and remained lowest during this most adverse time of the year for ladybirds. Overwintering species assemblages of ladybirds changed over time and varied with age of pine stand. Our results suggest that Scots pine in Central Europe supports species rich assemblages of ladybirds from late autumn to early spring and, being widely distributed, it could be suited to winter surveying of ladybirds at large spatial scales to reveal behavioural and ecological responses of species to changing weather or different climates.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
969. Oviposition preference and olfactory response of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to volatiles of uninfested and infested cucurbitaceous host plants
- Creator:
- Moghbeli Gharaei, Amin, Ziaaddini, Mahdi, Jalali, Mohammad Amin, and Frerot, Brigitte
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Diaphania indica, cucumber moth, host volatiles, olfactory response, wind tunnel, oviposition, Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, and Cucurbita pepo
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The cucumber moth, Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of cucurbitaceous plants. The oviposition preference and olfactory response of larvae, mated and unmated male and female adults to volatiles emanating from uninfested and infested plants of four species of cucurbitaceous host plants and odours of conspecifics were recorded. Also the role of experience in the host finding behaviour of D. indica was evaluated. The experiments were done using a wind tunnel, olfactometer attraction assays and oviposition bioassays. The results reveal that fewer eggs were laid on infested plants than on uninfested plants. Females significantly preferred cucumber over squash, melon and watermelon. Cucurbitaceous plants elicited adults of D. indica to fly upwind followed by landing on the plants. The effect of experience on the olfactory preference of D. indica was dependent on the host plant. Females that had experience of cucumber, squash and melon plants were significantly attracted to the same plant, but not in the case of watermelon. Larvae of this pest were attracted only to volatiles of uninfested cucumber, squash and melon, whereas volatiles of conspecifics, infested plants and intact watermelon did not attract larvae. This study is an initial attempt to investigate the role of volatile infochemicals in the host-finding behaviour of D. indica. These results provide baseline information for the development of new control strategies against D. indica.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
970. Ozvěny totality a systémy hodnot
- Creator:
- Srnec, Jan
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- totalitarismus, hodnoty, normalizace (1969-1989 : Československo), totalitarianism, values, "normalization" (1969-1989 : Czechoslovakia), demokratický despotismus, strach v politice, 17, and 159.9
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Podstatná první část článku se zabývá totalitou v jejích aspektech filozofických, sociologických a psychologických. Ve druhé části článku je demonstrován cíl a průběh tzv. normalizace na příkladu pražské filozofické fakulty UK.V článku se věnuje zvýšená pozornost fenoménu strachu jako základnímu předpokladu fungování totalitních systémů. Dále se upozorňuje na skutečnost, že prvky totalitarismu mají v sobě také režimy demokratické. Toho si všiml už před 90 lety Alexis de Tocqueville, francouzský historik a politik, když v polovině 19. století pobýval ve Spojených státech a studoval tamní právě se rodící demokratické zřízení. K jeho zásluhám patří mj. první pokusy o vymezení povahy demokratického despotismu. Ten je blíže vymezen jako destrukce lidské psychiky, rezignace člověka na výkon jeho svobodné vůle a další povahové vlastnosti, jako je sklon ke kvietizmu. Následující poměrně rozsáhlá část textu se týká problematiky hodnot. Výklad je přednostně založen na publikaci od brněnského právníka Vladimíra Čermáka. Logicky se věnuje prvořadá pozornost hodnotám svoboda, rovnost a spravedlnost. Filosofické hledisko je v článku zastoupeno pohledem filozofa Ladislava Tondla. Poslední část prvního dílu článku obsahuje přehled metod, užívaných psychology a sociology k empirickému zkoumání hodnotových orientací.Celá druhá část článku se opírá o důkladnou sociálněkulturní analýzu období tzv. "norma-lizace" (1969-89). Analýzu uskutečnili mladí historici FF UK v knize Náměstí Krasnoarmějců 2. Z této knihy o 400 stranách v tomto Souhrnu pokládá autor za velmi žádoucí přiblížit čtenářům následující text, který byl nazván (pouze pro účel tohoto článku) jako Poučení: Nežádoucím výsledkem normalizace je oslabení "zcela základní dovednosti intelektuálů, a to schopnosti formulovat obecnější stanoviska, která by mohla působit jako protipól přirozeně technokratického diskurzu větší části politických elit... Normalizace tak skutečně uspěla v jednom ze svých hlavních cílů, totiž nejen diskreditovat, ale zároveň zevnitř poddolovat stav kritického veřejného intelektuála. Politická proměna, kterou přinesl rok 1989, na tomto úspěchu normalizace nic nezměnila. I díky tomu vykazují dominantní myšlenkové vzorce v české společnosti dvacet let po sametové revoluci tak významnou kontinuitu s obdobím, které jí před-cházelo." (s. 375-376)., Totalitarianism and its philosophical, sociological and psychological aspects are a subject matter of a substantial first part of the article. The second part of the article is more specific, as it demonstrates the goals and the course of the so-called "normalization" on the example of the Faculty of Arts of the Charles University, Prague. A great deal of attention is devoted to the phenomenon of fear, which is a fundamental prerequisite of totalitarian systems. Further, it is pointed out that even democratic regimes possess some totalitarian elements, which has been pointed out already by Alexis de Tocqueville, the French historian who personally studied the nascent democratic regime in the 19th century United States. Among de Tocqueville’s merits are the first attempts to define the nature of democratic despotism. Democratic despotism is defined in terms of destruction of the human psyche, resignation to the exercise of one’s free will and such additional character traits, as the tendency to quietism (calm acceptance of things as they come). The following, relatively extensive part, is devoted to values. The explanation of values is based primarily on a publication by the Brno lawyer Vladimír Čermák. Logically, the values of freedom, equality, and justice receive the main attention. The philosophical perspective of the article is represented by views of the philosopher Ladislav Tondl. The first part of the article is concluded by an overview of methods which psychologists and sociologists use to empirically assess value orientations. The second part of the article deals with a thorough socio-cultural analysis of the so-called "normalization" period (1969-1989). Its analy-sis has been recently carried out by young historians of the Faculty of Arts of the Charles University and it resulted in a book listed in the References. In this Summary, the author considers it important to share the main message resulting from the analysis: Normalization resulted in the debilitation of "the fundamental ability of the intellectuals, i.e., of the ability to form generalized views, which could act as a counterpoint to the naturally (technocratic) discourse of the majority of political elites." Thus, normalization succeeded in one of its main goals, i.e., not only to discredit, but also to undermine the public intellectuals. The political change, brought about by the revolutionary year of 1989, did not take away fromnormalization accomplishment. That is one of the reasons why even two decades after the democratic Velvet Revolution, the dominant thought patterns in the Czech society still manifest a significant continuity with the preceding totalitarian period.”, Jan Srnec., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public