Povolání profesionálního řidiče patří mezi vysoce stresující zaměstnání s negativními dopady na zdravotní a psychickou stránku. Řidič je denně vystaven celé řadě náročných požadavků a stresorů, se kterými se musí vyrovnávat. Situace vyrovnávání se se stresem při řízení je popisována pomocí transakční teorie řidičského stresu spolu s copingovými strategiemi při řízení, které mají vliv na kvalitu řízení, a jejichž identifikace a náprava ukazují na možnosti intervence. Důležitou skupinou profesionálních řidičů jsou řidiči autobusů. Významnými stresory pro tyto řidiče jsou časový tlak, nadměrná pracovní zátěž, vysoká environmentální stimulace, problematická interakce s dalšími účastníky dopravního provozu, nedostatek sociální opory a nepravidelné směny. Mezi nejdůležitější preventivní opatření na snížení míry stresu patří eliminace nebo modifikace situací vytvářejících stres, přizpůsobení organizace práce individuálním charakteristikám řidičů a posílení osobní odolnosti řidičů vůči stresu. Jsou zde uvedeny některé konkrétní příklady realizovaných programů, ve kterých jsou použity principy vedoucí ke snížení míry stresu u těchto řidičů, zvýšení životní pohody a snížení negativních zdravotních důsledků. and The group of professional drivers belongs to high demanding jobs with high risks in health status and psychical wellbeing. Drivers are daily exposed to high demands and stressors they have to face. The situation of coping with stress is described by the transactional model of driver stress and coping strategies while driving. These strategies influence driving performance and their identification could be one of the possible interventions for stress reduction. This study focuses on the group of bus drivers, which is a significant subgroup of professional drivers. The main stressors for them are time pressure, high work demands, high environmental stimulation, problematic interactions with other road users, lack of social support and irregular shifts. The most important preventive strategies are elimination or modification of stress-producing situations, the adaptation of work organization to the individual characteristics of the driver and strengthening the driver’s resilience to stress. We describe some programs using the principles of stress reduction by professional drivers, which increase wellbeing and decrease negative health consequences.
Objectives. Teaching is a stressful job, but it is not clear what stressors teachers perceive at school and how these perceptions are associated with teacher characteristics and burnout.Sample and setting. The data were collected from 594 teachers of 6th to 9th grades from 118 schools. In an online survey, participants an-swered an open-ended question about what they perceive as the most important problems at school, and they filled a burnout scale.Questions and hypotheses. The study described types of stressors that teachers perceive. Then, it verified whether stressors and their number reported by teachers associate with gender, so-cio-economic status (SES), teaching experience, and burnout.Analyses. A mixed design was used. Stressors were identified using thematic analysis and re-lationships were verified using statistical tests.Results. The stressors found were as follows: problematic relationships with student,s parents (31%), student inappropriate behaviors (29%), non-functioning policies (27%), student lack of motivation (23%), underappreciation of educa-tion (22%), administrative overload (22%), im-proper parenting (17%), poorly handled inclu-sion (13%), and unfavorable collegial climate (8%). On average, teachers mentioned two stressors. Women more often reported student inappropriate behaviors. SES proved no signifi-cant effects. More experienced teachers less of-ten mentioned student inappropriate behaviors and unfavorable collegial climate and reported a lower number of stressors. Teachers with higher level of burnout more often complained about problematic relationships with parents and re-ported a higher number of stressors.Limitations. Although the generalizability of the results may be limited to 6th to 9th grade teachers in the Czech Republic, the study brings novel insights into the demands of teaching. and Cíle. Učitelství je považováno za stresující po-volání, ale dosud nebylo zkoumáno, jak stresory ve školách vnímají samotní učitelé a zda souvisí s jejich individuálními charakteristikami a vy-hořením.Soubor a metody. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 594 učitelů 6.–9. ročníků ze 118 škol. Účastníci v online dotazníku odpověděli na otevřenou otázku, co považují za nejdůležitější problémy, se kterými se ve škole potýkají, a vyplnili škálu měřící vyhoření.Otázky a hypotézy. Výzkum zachytil, jaké typy stresorů ve škole učitelé vnímají. Poté ověřoval, zda jednotlivé stresory a jejich počet souvisí s pohlavím, socioekonomickým statusem, dél-kou praxe a vyhořením učitele.Analýzy. Použitý byl smíšený výzkumný design. Stresory byly identifikovány tematickou analý-zou a souvislosti mezi proměnnými byly ověřo-vány pomocí statistických testů.Výsledky. Učitelé považují za stresory ve škole tyto oblasti: problematické vztahy s rodiči žáků (31 %), nevhodné chování žáků (29 %), ne-funkční koncepce (27 %), nemotivovanost žáků (23 %), nedoceněnost školství (22 %), zahlcení administrativou (22 %), špatnou rodičovskou výchovu (17 %), nezvládnutou inkluzi (13 %) a nekolegiální klima (8 %). Ve svých odpově-dích zmiňovali průměrně dvě oblasti. Ženy si častěji než muži stěžovaly na nevhodné chování žáků. Socioekonomický status s vnímáním stre-sorů nesouvisel. Učitelé s delší praxí si méně často stěžovali na nevhodné chování žáků a ne-kolegiální klima a uváděli menší počet stresorů. Učitelé s vyšší mírou vyhoření uváděli častěji problematické vztahy s rodiči a vyšší počet stre-sorů.Limity. Přestože může být zobecnitelnost vý-sledků studie omezena na populaci učitelů 6.– 9. ročníků v ČR, výzkum přináší nové vhledy do nároků učitelské profese.
On the ventral tube of males of Onychiuroides granulosus (Stach, 1934) there is a male ventral organ, which consists of two groups of four setae that are thickened, slightly flattened and bent. All setae of the male ventral organ are inserted in a richly sculptured cuticle. At the base of each seta there are a few large cells (basal cells) that have large irregular nuclei that contain a large amount of heterochromatin. In the cytoplasm of the basal cells there are numerous mitochondria, ribosomes and a rich system of endoplasmic reticulum. The plasma membrane of the basal cells forms richly folded, deep invaginations, filled with a dense material, which also occurs in particular setae and on their surface. The present study indicates that the male ventral organ is secretory and does not confirm its previously suggested sensory function., Bożena Simiczyjew, Dariusz Skarżyński, Adrian Smolis, Romuald J. Pomorski, Marta Mazurkiewicz-Kania., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Identifying patterns with sufficient predictive power is a constant challenge for ecologists to address ecological problems related to species conservation, pollution or infectious disease control. During the last years, the amounts of parasitological studies in this sense increased, but they are still scarce in urban environments. The main aim of this study was to investigate if the helminth communities of urban rodents are structured within host assembly (compound community) or they are a result of random events occurring at each individual host scale (infracommunity). A total of 203 rodents belonging to four species, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), Mus musculus Linnaeus and the native Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse) and captured in different landscape units of the City of Buenos Aires (industrial-residential neighbourhoods, shantytowns and parklands) were analysed. The results showed that infracommunities could be grouped according to composition and relative abundances and that they respond to the structure of the host community. Thus, the component communities defined in this study could be identified as subsets of the compound community (rodent assemblage) and infracommunities (each host) as random samples within each one. Quantitative differences among component communities were denoted by comparing the infection levels of helminths described as central species. Therefore, infracommunities of R. norvegicus and O. flavescens were the most predictable because of the high abundance of the nematodes Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914), and Stilestrongylus flavescens (Sutton et Durette-Desset, 1991), respectively. Several mechanisms contribute to complexity of the structure of parasite communities, where specific parasites, definitive and intermediate hosts, and environmental and anthropogenic factors all play a role in the dynamics of the compound community., Diego Hancke, Olga Virginia Suárez., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Phoridae (scuttle flies) are widely distributed, occur in many types of habitats and are ecologically versatile, which makes them an excellent bioindicator group for evaluating faunal diversity. The structure of scuttle fly communities was compared in two Mediterranean habitats in the Montseny Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain) that differ in vegetation and microclimate: beech forest and highland scrubland. 3684 male individuals belonging to 135 species of scuttle flies were identified. Scuttle flies were more abundant in beech forest than scrubland. Observed and estimated species richness were lower in scrubland than in beech forest, while diversity was similar in both habitats. Community evenness was greater in scrubland than beech forest. Therefore, the percentage of dominant and subdominant species was higher in scrubland than beech forest, while the percentage of rare species was higher in beech forest than scrubland. Scuttle fly species composition was significantly different in the two habitats, but it was similar among plots within the same habitat. Megaselia pectoralis (Wood, 1910) and Megaselia subpleuralis (Wood, 1909) were the dominant species in beech forest, while Megaselia pusilla (Meigen, 1830), Megaselia pumila (Meigen, 1830), Megaselia superciliata (Wood, 1910) and Megaselia diversa (Wood, 1909) were the dominant species in scrubland. Trophic specialization was higher in beech forest than scrubland. Saprophages were the dominant trophic group in beech forest, while fungivores and polyphages were dominant in scrubland. The high biodiversity of scuttle flies recorded in the Montseny Natural Park indicates that there is also a high diversity of other taxa there and that these Mediterranean mountains are of high conservation status., Carlos García-Romera, José A. Barrientos., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a specialized tubular network, which not only maintains the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ at a low level but is also known to release and accumulate Ca2+ for the occurrence of cardiac contraction and relaxation, respectively. This subcellular organelle is composed of several phospholipids and different Ca2+-cycling, Ca2+-binding and regulatory proteins, which work in a coordinated manner to determine its function in cardiomyocytes. Some of the major proteins in the cardiac SR membrane include Ca2+-pump ATPase (SERCA2), Ca2+-release protein (ryanodine receptor), calsequestrin (Ca2+-binding protein) and phospholamban (regulatory protein). The phosphorylation of SR Ca2+-cycling proteins by protein kinase A or Ca2+-calmodulin kinase (directly or indirectly) has been demonstrated to augment SR Ca2+-release and Ca2+-uptake activities and promote cardiac contraction and relaxation functions. The activation of phospholipases and proteases as well as changes in different gene expressions under different pathological conditions have been shown to alter the SR composition and produce Ca2+-handling abnormalities in cardiomyocytes for the development of cardiac dysfunction. The post-translational modifications of SR Ca2+-cycling proteins by processes such as oxidation, nitrosylation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, sumoylation, and O-GlcNacylation have also been reported to affect the SR Ca2+-release and uptake activities as well as cardiac contractile activity. The SR function in the heart is also influenced in association with changes in cardiac performance by several hormones including thyroid hormones and adiponectin as well as by exercise-training. On the basis of such observations, it is suggested that both Ca2+-cycling and regulatory proteins in the SR membranes are intimately involved in determining the status of cardiac function and are thus excellent targets for drug development for the treatment of heart disease.
Cieľom štúdie bolo overiť platnosť troch štruktúrnych modelov profesijných záujmov konceptu RIASEC u slovenských žiakov základných škôl. Overované boli Hollandov kruhový model, Gatiho hierarchický model a Roundsov a Traceyho modifikovaný hierarchický model. Predpoklady, ktoré z týchto modelov vyplývajú, boli testované pomocou Hubertovho a Arabieho randomizačného testu hypotetických poradí a multidimenzionálneho škálovania. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 400 žiakov 8. – 9. ročníka základných škôl (M = 14 rokov; SD = 1), ktorým bol administrovaný Dotazník štruktúry všeobecných záujmov (DŠVZ). Štruktúru záujmov slovenských žiakov najlepšie vysvetlil kruhový model Hollanda. Diskutované sú i implikácie pre použitie dotazníka DŠVZ v praxi. and The goal of the study was to verify the validity of three RIASEC models of the structure of vocational interests in Slovak elementary school pupils. Verified models were the Holland's circular model, the Gati's hierarchical model, and the Rounds and Tracey's modified hierarchical model. The assumptions from these models were tested using the Hubert and Arabie's randomization test of hypothetical orders and multidimensional scaling. The sample consisted of 400 pupils from 8th to 9th grade attending primary school (M = 14 years, SD = 1), who were administered a questionnaire Dotazník štruktúry všeobecných záujmov (DŠV). The structure of vocational interests of Slovak pupils was best explained by the Holland's circular model. Implications for using the questionnaire DŠVZ in practice are also discussed.
Tato studie si klade za cíl prozkoumat rozsah produktivní slovní zásoby a kvalitu vyjadřování u českých monolingvních dětí s vývojovou dysfázií ve srovnání s dětmi intaktními v době před nástupem do prvního ročníku základní školy. K výzkumnému šetření byl vytvořen původní test aktivní slovní zásoby zaměřený na substantiva, adjektiva a verba. Výsledná data ukazují, že oba sledované aspekty verbální produkce se mezi výzkumnými skupinami statisticky významně liší a lze mezi nimi vysledovat velmi těsný korelační vztah. Při podrobnějším zkoumání rozsahu slovní zásoby u jednotlivých slovních druhů se ukázalo, že nejvíce se tento rozsah mezi skupinami participantů liší u adjektiv a nejméně u substantiv. and This study aims to analyse a range of the productive vocabulary and quality of verbal expression in Czech monolingual specific-language-impaired (SLI) preschool children. SLI children´s production was also compared to a verbal production of typically developing (agematched) peers. An assessment tool was developed to measure the range and the quality of children´s production of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Both aspects of verbal production (the range and the quality) were also proved to be closely correlated. Research results reveal statistically significant differences between the SLI and a comparison group at both range and the quality of verbal expression. A more detailed examination shows that the differences between SLI and typically developing children´s production manifest themselves in the usage of adjectives the most and the least in the usage of nouns.
Tento článek předkládá přehled výzkumných studií o rodinných hodnotách vietnamských přistěhovalců v různých částech světa. Výsledky studií ukazují proces jejich adaptace a akulturace. Současně si studie všímají změn postojů Vietnamců v závislosti na kulturním prostředí hostitelské země včetně genderové rovnosti a uvolněnějších mezigeneračních vztahů. Přistěhovalci se snaží udržet si vietnamskou kulturu, která oceňuje úctu dětí k rodičům a k starším lidem, rovněž úspěchy ve vzdělání. Studie se zaobíraly přijatelnými způsoby, jak zkoumat a vysvětlovat život Vietnamců žijících v zámoří a jeho psychologické aspekty. Výzkumy se také zaměřovaly na porovnávání tradičních rodinných hodnot Vietnamců žijících ve Vietnamu a v zahraničí s ohledem na porozumění vietnamské kultuře do detailu a přistěhovalecké kultuře obecně., This article is based on a literature review of research studies on the family values of Vietnamese immigrants living in various parts of the world. Results support evidence for the process of adaptation and acculturation among Vietnamese immigrants. At the same time, studies also support the presence of attitude change in response to the culture present in the land of immigration, including greater gender equality and more freedom in generation relationships. Immigrants seek to retain Vietnamese culture valuing filial piety, respect for the elderly and high achievement in education in the host country. Studies reviewed employed acceptable ways to survey and explain the life and the psychological features of Vietnamese living overseas. The research reviewed different focuses on comparing traditional family values of Vietnamese living in Vietnam with those that live overseas, contributing to the understanding of Vietnamese culture in detail and immigrant’s culture in general., Mai Van Hai., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
a1_Based on light and scanning electron microscopical studies, eight species (five adult and three larval) of nematodes belonging to the Ascaridida, Oxyurida and Enoplida were collected from fishes of the Okavango River, Botswana, namely Falcaustra similis Moravec et Van As, 2004, Atractidae gen. sp. (only female) (both Cosmocercoidea), Cucullanus sp. (only female) (Seuratoidea), Cithariniella longicaudata sp. n., Synodontisia annulata sp. n. (both Oxyuroidea), Contracaecum sp. third-stage larvae, third-stage larvae of Galeiceps sp. (both Ascaridoidea) and Eustrongylides sp. fourth-stage larvae (Dioctophymatoidea). The new species Citharinella longicaudata (type host Schilbe intermedius Rüppel) is mainly characterised by the shape and size of cephalic papillae and the spicule 108 µm long, and Synodontisia annulata (type host S. intermedius) by the shape of cephalic papillae, body length of gravid females (4.88-5.33 mm) and a short spicule (66 µm long). The female specimen of Cucullanus sp. from Tilapia sparmanni Smith markedly differs from congeners parasitising inland fishes in Africa by the elongate pseudobuccal capsule and by the excretory pore far posterior to the oesophago-intestinal junction; apparently, it belongs to an undescribed species. Galeiceps larvae parasitising fishes are described for the first time. Cithariniella gonzalezi Van Waerebeke, Chabaud, Bain et Georges, 1988 is considered a junior synonym of C. khalili Petter, Vassiliadès et Troncy, 1972, and the previous records of Cithariniella citharini Khalil, 1964 from Synodontis spp. in Egypt concern, in fact, Cithariniella khalili Petter, Vassiliadès et Troncy, 1972., a2_The specimens of Cithariniella reported by Koubková et al. (2010) from Paradistichodus dimidiatus (Pellegrin) in Senegal and misidentified as C. gonzalesi Van Waerebeke, Chabaud, Bain et Georges, 1988 are considered to represent a new species, C. koubkovae sp. n.; this is established by reference to the description and drawings provided by Koubková et al. (2010)., František Moravec, Liesl L. Van As., and Obsahuje bibliografii