Species of the cnidarian genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) are histozoic parasites commonly found in freshwater and, more rarely, in marine fish. The development of these parasites in fish tissues includes the formation of plasmodia within which occurs the sporogony originating spores with two caudal processes, which are usually randomly distributed within the plasmodia. In this report the authors present some cases of non-random distribution of the spores of six species of Henneguya within their plasmodia. Two different patterns of non-random distribution were found based on a literature survey. These patterns and their origin are discussed. Apparently this non-random distribution of the spores is due to both internal and external factors.
The present study was designed to determine the influence of temperature and the addition of potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) on the efficiency of sporulation of Eimeria bovis (Zublin, 1908), a coccidian species most commonly diagnosed in European bison Bison bonasus (Linnaeus). Sporulation under conventional conditions (2.5% dichromate solution, 23 °C) was completed on the fourth day of incubation (control), whereas the oocyst development took two days more at the temperature of 18 °C, and two days less at 28 °C. Additionally, experimental sporulation of E. bovis at the temperature of 23 °C in the environment of sterilised tap water (without any preservation) took 9 days more compared to control. Finally, oocyst development took 16 weeks when the faces were stored in the refrigerator (3-5 °C) without any special additives. Overall, our results indicate that K2Cr2O7, besides the temperature, plays a crucial role in the process of sporulation of oocysts under laboratory conditions, as the longest delay in sporogony was observed when the faeces were stored without any other additives in the temperature of the refrigerator., Anna M. Pyziel, Aleksander W. Demiaszkiewicz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Příspěvek z praxe představuje dvě kazuistiky klientek, které vyhledaly odbornou pomoc kvůli potížím s obsesivním cvičením, majícím negativní dopad na jejich osobní i pracovní život a zdravotní i psychický stav. V dnešní společnosti, ve které je kladen velký tlak na výkon a na fyzický vzhled, je pravidelné cvičení jako součást zdravého životního stylu žádoucí strategií zvyšování síly a vytrvalosti. Může být tedy snadné i nadměrné cvičení oceňovat a považovat za doklad fyzické a duševní síly. V předložených kazuistikách je patrné, že si obě ženy skutečný dopad svého chování uvědomily až po několika letech intenzivního každodenního cvičení trvajícího okolo tří až šesti hodin denně, kdy si svůj osobní i pracovní život musely organizovat kolem cvičebních jednotek namísto toho, aby cvičily pro zdraví nebo radost.
První kazuistika představuje problém obsesivního cvičení jako kompenzačního mechanismu u klientky s historií anorexie v anamnéze, v současnosti trpící záchvatovitým přejídáním. Druhá kazuistika na obsesivní cvičení nahlíží z pohledu syndromu závislosti u klientky s historií alkoholové závislosti v rodinné anamnéze a se znaky vlastní alkoholové závislosti. Odlišné příčiny a průběh vedly k odlišným intervenčním postupům u obou případů, které jsou v textu přiblíženy. Hlavními faktory efektivní léčby byly vlastní uvědomění si potřeby pomoci ze strany klientek, posílení sociální opory a intervence založená na skutečných příčinách obsesivního cvičení ve smyslu závislosti nebo kompenzace záchvatovitého přejídání. and The paper from psychological praxis presents two case studies of clients who have sought professional help because of their problems with obsessive exercise having a negative impact on their personal and work life and affecting both their health and mental state. In today's society that puts great pressure on performance and physical appearance, the regular exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle is a desirable strategy for increasing strength and perseverance. It can therefore be easy to appreciate even the excessive exercise and to consider it a proof of physical and mental strength. In the following case studies, it is obvious that both women did not realize the real impact of their behavior until after several years of intense day-to-day workouts lasting from three to six hours a day, when they had to organize their personal and work life around exercise units instead of working out for health or joy.
The first case study presents a problem of obsessive exercise as a compensatory mechanism in a client with a history of anorexia nervosa, currently suffering from binge-eating disorder. The second case study looks at obsessive exercise as a form of the addiction syndrome in a client with a family history of alcohol addiction and a personal history of features of alcohol addiction. Different causes and development led to different intervention procedures in both cases, which are described in the study. The main factors of an effective treatment were clients´ self-awareness of the need for help, strengthening the social support system, and intervention based on the real causes of obsessive exercise in terms of either addiction or compensation of binge eating.
Anaerobic gut fungi of the class Neocallimastigomycetes are of great importance for herbivorous animals. Their immediate colonization and mechanical breakdown of plant particles pave the way for highly efficient enzymatic fermentation of complex plant polysaccharides. Neocallimastigomycetes are found in a variety of herbivores, yet so far studies almost exclusively investigated domestic or captive animals. Here, the occurrence and diversity of Neocallimastigomycetes in two different populations of sympatric, wild African forest elephants and forest buffaloes were determined. In both hosts together, a total of 16 species-equivalent Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) (0.05 cut-off level) were generated. Buffaloes harboured four and elephants five anaerobic fungi genera or genus-equivalent taxa, respectively, with four genera occurring in both hosts. In elephants the majority of gut fungi group within a cluster of yet unknown Neocallimastigomycetes. Similarly, some anaerobic fungi found in buffaloes form a genus-equivalent cluster with likewise undescribed gut fungi. Sequences grouping in these two clusters could potentially qualify as representatives of new anaerobic fungi genera. Further, three sequences have not yet been encountered in any study and cannot be assigned to any genus or genus-equivalent Neocallimastigomycetes taxon. Whether these sequences also represent putative new lineages needs further investigation.
Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 are one of the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. Faecal samples from 179 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes [Linnaeus]), 100 grey wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus), 11 golden jackals (Canis aureus Linnaeus), and 63 brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) were collected in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy and PCR/sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU), actin and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes using the maximum likelihood method revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri Ren, Zhao, Zhang, Ning, Jian et al., 2012 (n = 1) and C. andersoni Lindsay, Upton, Owens, Morgan, Mead et Blackburn, 2000 (n = 2) in red foxes, C. canis Fayer, Trout, Xiao, Morgan, Lai et Dubey, 2001 (n = 2) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín et Macarisin, 2010 (n = 2) in grey wolves, and C. galli Pavlásek, 1999 in brown bears (n = 1) and red foxes (n = 1). Subtyping of isolates of C. ubiquitum and C. tyzzeri based on sequence analysis of gp60 showed that they belong to the XIId and IXa families, respectively. The presence of specific DNA of C. tyzzeri, C. andersoni and C. galli, which primarily infect the prey of carnivores, is probably the result of their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the carnivores. Finding C. ubiquitum XIId in wolves may mean broadening the host spectrum of this subtype, but it remains possible this is the result of infected prey passing through the wolf - in this case deer, which is a common host of this parasite. The dog genotype of C. canis was reported for the first time in wolves.
What is the status of an embryo and a foetus? This question has been always the object of interest not only to lawyers but also to experts in other disciplines. Despite the fact, that knowledge about the circumstances of the origin and development of human life during the prenatal period has greatly expanded, there is still no consensus on that, when and why each of us once became a person and a holder of rights. The intention of this article is not to provide a wide range of individual philosophical or legal approaches to the problem, but to perform a definition of the legal status of an embryo and a foetus in the Czech Republic, with the focus on the specifics of its legal protection. and Jaký je status embrya a plodu? Tato otázka je od nepaměti objektem zájmu nejen právníků, ale také odborníků z jiných vědních oborů. Přestože se znalosti ohledně okolností vzniku a vývoje lidského života během prenatálního období díky technologickému pokroku značně rozšířily, stále neexistuje shoda ohledně toho, kdy a na základě jakých kritérií se každý z nás stal kdysi osobou a nositelem práv. Záměrem tohoto článku není poskytnout širokou škálu jednotlivých filozofických či právních přístupů, ale vymezit základní východiska právního postavení embrya a plodu v českém trestním a občanském právu, a to se zaměřením na rozsah a specifika jeho právní ochrany.
Objectives. The aim of the study is to verify the structure of the WHOQOL-AGE tool on the ba-sis of a representative group of Czech seniors older than 60 years of age.Sample and setting. Sample of participants con-sisted of 403 seniors (75 males, 228 females, av-erage age 70.7 ys, SD = 7.72, range 60 – 91 ys, selected by quota system according to gender, age, and region.Results. Bifactor confirmatory analysis and the degree of agreement of data with Rasch’s mod-el acceptably supported the one-dimensional structure of the tool and can be recommended as a screening questionnaire for estimating quality of life of seniors older than 60 years, especially in cases where it is necessary to limit the time and cognitive burden of respondents.Study limitation. The findings are limited to a Czech general representative population sam-ple. and Záměr. Cílem studie je ověření struktury nástro-je WHOQOL-AGE na podkladě reprezentativ-ního souboru českých seniorů starších 60 let věku.Soubor a procedura. Soubor tvořilo 403 osob (175 mužů, 228 žen), průměrný věk 70,7 let, SD = 7,72, rozsah 60–91 let, náhodně vybra-ných kvótním výběrem na podkladě věku, po-hlaví a regionu.Výsledky. Bifaktorová konfirmační analýza i míra shody dat s Raschovým modelem ak-ceptovatelně podpořily jednodimenzionální strukturu nástroje a lze jej tedy doporučit jako skríningový dotazník pro odhad kvality života seniorů starších 60 let zvláště v případech, kdy je třeba limitovat časovou a kognitivní zátěž re-spondentů.Omezení studie. Zjištění jsou omezena pouze na český obecný reprezentativní vzorek populace.
Cieľom práce bolo zistiť vzťah medzi odpustením sebe, tendenciou k vine, tendenciou k hanbe a empatiou u mladých dospelých. Odpustenie sebe je dynamický proces súvisiaci s rôznymi faktormi. Na základe predložených modelov od Hall Fincham (2005) a Rangganadhan Todorov (2010) sa práca zamerala na emocionálne determinanty odpustenia sebe – vinu, hanbu a empatiu. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 153 mladých dospelých vo vekovom rozmedzí 20-30 rokov (M = 22,82; SD = 2,57). Údaje boli získané pomocou Enrightovho dotazníka odpustenia sebe [ESFI – Enright Self-forgiveness Inventory], Dotazníka na zisťovanie dispozičnej viny a hanby [TOSCA-3 - Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3] a dotazníka na meranie empatie [IRI - Interpersonal Reactivity Index]. Výsledky ukázali, že tendencia k hanbe je silnejším negatívnym prediktorom odpustenia sebe v porovnaní s tendenciou k vine. Empatia orientovaná na seba silnejšie negatívne predikuje odpustenie sebe v porovnaní s empatiou orientovanou na ostatných. Naše zistenia ďalej potvrdili pozitívny vzťah medzi vinou a empatiou orientovanou na ostatných, a zároveň pozitívny vzťah medzi hanbou a empatiou orientovanou na seba. Zároveň sa ukázali signifikantné rozdiely medzi mužmi a ženami v premenných vina a hanba, kde ženy dosahovali vyššiu úroveň. and The goal of this paper was to find out relationships between self-forgiveness, guilt-proneness, shame-proneness, and empathy in young adults. Self-forgiveness is a dynamic process associated with various factors. Based on the presented models by Hall Fincham (2005) and Rangganadhan Todorov (2010), the study focused on emotional determinants of self-forgiveness – guilt, shame, and empathy. The research was conducted on 153 young adults ranged in age from 20 to 30 years (M = 22,82; SD = 2,57). The data were obtained by the Enright Self-forgiveness Inventory, the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The results showed that shame-proneness was a significant negative predictor of self-forgiveness, compared to guilt-proneness. Personal distress empathy was a stronger negative predictor of self-forgiveness, compared to empathic concern. Our findings also confirmed a positive relationship between guilt and empathic concern, and a positive relationship between shame and personal distress. Moreover, there were significant differences between men and women in the variables of guilt and shame, where women reached a higher level.
Napriek tomu, že odpustenie sebe sa ukazuje ako významnejšie súvisiace s fyzickým zdravím jednotlivca, ako aj celkovým well-beingom v porovnaní s odpustením druhému, a dôsledky neodpustenia sebe môžu byť extrémne, odpusteniu sebe je venovaná neporovnateľne menšia teoretická a výskumná pozornosť oproti interpersonálnemu odpustenia.
Cieľom štúdie je kritický prehľad súčasných teoretických a empirických štúdií v tejto oblasti. Štúdia sa zameriava na vymedzenie odpustenia sebe, s ohľadom na jeho hlavné aspekty ako je ľútosť za vykonaný čin, prijatie zodpovednosti a zmena správania do budúcnosti. Štúdia definuje podobnosti a rozdiely odpustenia sebe s interpersonálnym odpustením. Je zdôraznené, že odpustenie sebe je proces vyžadujúci čas a popísané sú jednotlivé kroky procesu odpustenia. Diskutované sú intervenčné štúdie odpustenia sebe, so zameraním na ich výsledky a metodologické nedostatky. V závere je predstavený kritický postoj voči odpusteniu sebe a argumentácia proti jednotlivým kritickým názorom. Načrtnutý je ďalší smer výskumu v oblasti odpustenia sebe. and Despite the evidence that self-forgiveness is more strongly associated with physical health and well-being compared to interpersonal forgiveness, and that the results of self-blaming may be extreme, self-forgiveness has received considerately less attention in theory and research, compared to interpersonal forgiveness. The aim of this study is a critical overview of the current theoretical and empirical studies in this area. The paper focuses on a definition of selfforgiveness with an emphasis of its important aspects such as remorse, responsibility taking, and conciliatory behaviour. The study defines similarities and differences of self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness. It is stressed that self-forgiveness is a process which takes time and the steps of self-forgiveness are described. The intervention studies of self-forgiveness are discussed, with an emphasis on their results and methodological limitations. Finally, a critical attitude toward self-forgiveness and argumentation against these critical views are presented. Future direction of research in self-forgiveness is outlined.