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1454. Vztah atopického ekzému a pozornosti

Creator:
Hricová, Alena, Ondrášek, Stanislav, and Hric, Matyáš
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
atopický ekzém, pozornost, ADHD, ADD, atopic eczema, and attention
Language:
Czech
Description:
Cílem přehledové studie je popsat vztah dvou proměnných – atopického ekzému a pozornosti. Nejprve je důležité vymezit dva související pojmy, které je důležité nezaměňovat, a to ADHD a ADD. Obě tyto poruchy pozornosti jsou dědičné neurovývojové poruchy. ADD se vyznačuje ztrátou soustředění, roztržitostí a emoční přecitlivělostí. ADHD je porucha pozornosti s hyperaktivitou. Vyznačuje se nepozornosti, hyperaktivitou a impulzivitou. Na základě výsledků dostupných studií, které se tímto vztahem zaobírají, je čtenáři představena daná tématika a shrnuty dosavadní poznatky. Pro přehledovou studii bylo pracováno se zdroji z dostupných vědeckých databází: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus a Web of Science. Pro vyhledávání byla zadána klíčová slova: atopic eczema, ADHD, ADD, attention, relationship. Dalším zvoleným kritériem pro vyhledávání bylo sledované období, které jsme stanovili bez určení, důvodem pro toto rozhodnutí bylo, že se jedná o specifickou problematiku. Studie byly vybrány na základě relevantnosti ke stanovenému cíli. Celkem se jednalo o 10 analyzovaných studií. Výsledky analyzovaných studií ukazují, že u osob s diagnostikovaným atopickým ekzémem existuje riziko poruchy pozornosti. Zároveň však nebyl prokázán přímý kauzální vztah mezi těmito proměnnými, který by v případě prokázání mohl vést ke stanovení preventivních, ale i léčebných plánů., PROBLEM: Atopic eczema is linked with several other psychosomatic diseases and disorders like sleeping disorders or low quality, chronic itching, etc. First, it is important to define two related terms that are important not to confuse, namely ADHD and ADD. Both of these attention disorders are inherited neurodevelopmental disorders. ADD is characterized by loss of concentration, distraction, and emotional hypersensitivity. ADHD is an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The survey study aims at describing the relation of two variables – atopic eczema and attention. Based on the results of the available studies dealing with the said relation, the topic will be presented to the reader and the existing pieces of knowledge will be summarized. METHODS: The study worked with sources from available scientific databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science. The following key words were entered for search: atopic eczema, ADHD, ADD, attention, relation. Another criterion selected for search was the period of observation, which we set without determination; that decision was based on the fact that the topic in question is specific. The studies were selected based on their relevance for the goal set. 10 studies were analyzed in total. RESULTS: The analysis results show that studies dealing with the issue of the effect of atopic eczema can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of studies which state, based on research, that persons with diagnosed atopic eczema are endangered by attention disorders. While comparing them with healthy population, i.e., with persons without atopic eczema, it was found that persons with atopic eczema have higher proportional chance of attention disorders, and other health problems linked with the said disease, like low quality of sleep, anxieties, depressions or behaviour disorders were registered as well. The studies under analysis also mention a risk period that may be essential for the development of attention disorder. The other group consists of studies which did not demonstrate a direct causal relation between attention eczema and attention disorders, which, if demonstrated, could lead to setting of preventive and therapeutic plans. The results of some of these studies show the coexistence of atopic eczema and ADHD, but the authors state that both disorders may not have causal relation and that they may be influenced by other factors; they recommend other studies which could clarify the prevalence of ADHD in persons with atopic eczema., and DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it can be stated that there is a higher risk of attention disorder, ADHD, in individuals with atopic eczema. However, as studies show, a causal relation between the two variables in question has not been found yet. The results have also shown that this issue is still little explored, in spite of the fact that a number of studies had a large research set. Therefore, further extensive interdisciplinary studies are needed, in order to prove or disprove their mutual causal relation. In case of proving the causal relation, it is further recommended to proceed to determine preventive and therapeutic strategies for attention disorders caused by atopic eczema, in order to positively influence the resulting quality of life of the individuals with the said disorder type.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1455. Vztah k očekávanému dítěti a jeho souvislosti s vybranými intra- a interpersonálními charakteristikami žen v třetím trimestru těhotenství

Creator:
Daňsová, Petra, Masopustová, Zuzana, Miškóciová, Lucie, and Lacinová, Lenka
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
vztah k očekávanému dítěti, těhotenství, úzkostnost, depresivita, kvalita partnerského vztahu, vyhýbavost citové vazby, úzkostnost citové vazby, mother-foetus relationship, pregnancy, anxiety, depressivity, quality of partnership, attachment-related avoidance, and attachment-related anxiety
Language:
Czech
Description:
Studie se zabývá vztahem těhotných žen k jejich očekávanému dítěti. U vzorku 339 žen ve třetím trimestru těhotenství byla zkoumána spojitost vztahu k očekávanému dítěti s úzkostností, depresivitou, kvalitou partnerského vztahu a s vyhýbavostí a úzkostností citové vazby k partnerovi. Byl kontrolován vliv parity, plánovanosti a chtěnosti dítěte a věku matky. Nejsilnějším prediktorem vztahu k očekávanému dítěti byla kvalita partnerského vztahu  ženy, které hodnotily svůj partnerský vztah jako kvalitní, pociťovaly silnější vztah k očekávanému dítěti. Byl prokázán také vliv parity (prvorodičky pociťovaly k očekávanému dítěti silnější vztah než vícerodičky) a plánovanosti dítěte (ženy, jejichž těhotenství bylo plánované, pociťovaly k očekávanému dítěti mírně silnější vztah). Ve výzkumu byla poprvé použita nová škála k měření vztahu k očekávanému dítěti, která překonává některé limity dosavadních metod. Metoda měří různé aspekty vztahu k dítěti v oblasti emoční, kognitivní i behaviorální. and Our study deals with the mother-foetus relationship (MFR) and its connection to chosen mother‘s characteristics. The relationship of MFR and anxiety, depression, quality of partnership, attachment-related avoidance and attachment-related anxiety was investigated on a sample of 339 pregnant women (third trimester). The effect of parity, pregnancy planning, desire for a child and the women’s age were taken into account. Quality of the partnership was the strongest predictor of MFR. Women who considered their relationship with their partner to be functional had a stronger relationship to their unborn baby. Primiparae had a slightly stronger MFR than multiparae and a planned pregnancy is associated with a slightly stronger MFR. The present study uses the new scale of MFR for the first time. The scale overcomes some limits of the older scales and measures different aspects of MFR including emotional, cognitive and behavioural one.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1456. Vztah preferovaných volnočasových aktivit a tvořivosti u českých adolescentů

Creator:
Poddaná, Jana
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
tvořivost, volnočasové aktivity, adolescence, testy tvořivosti, creativity, leisure activities, and creativity tests
Language:
Czech
Description:
Tématem studie je analýza vztahu volnočasových aktivit a tvořivosti u populace českých adolescentů ve věku 13–15 let. Pražští respondenti (N=398, žáci osmých tříd a studenti prvního ročníku šestiletého gymnázia) vyplnili dva testy tvořivosti. Prvním z nich je Torranceho test Neúplných figur, určený k měření neverbální tvořivosti, druhým je originální test Opice, který měří verbální tvořivost na základě respondenty vytvořeného krátkého tematického příběhu. Výsledky verbálního i neverbálního testu tvořivosti byly vyhodnoceny ve vztahu k volnočasovým zájmům respondentů. Pomocí výpočtů explorační faktorové analýzy, analýzy variance (ANOVA) a Pearsonovým korelačním koeficientem byl zjištěn vztah mezi tvořivými volnočasovými aktivitami a figurálními i verbálními faktorovými skóry tvořivosti (r=0.149 a r=0.161; p<0.01). Mezi sociálními volnočasovými aktivitami a verbálním faktorovým skórem tvořivosti u gymnazistů byl nalezen pozitivní vztah (r=0.143). Nalezen byl také negativní vztah mezi pasivními volnočasovými zájmy a faktorem verbální tvořivosti (r=-0.101; p<0.05). Následně bylo zjištěno, že typ navštěvované školy vysvětluje téměř 12 % variance výkonu v neverbálním testu tvořivosti a pohlaví 2 %. Studenti gymnázií dosahovali signifikantně v obou testech tvořivosti vyšších výsledků než žáci základních škol, dívky dosahovaly signifikantně vyšších výsledků než chlapci. and The theme of the study is to analyze the relationship between leisure activities and creativity in the population of Czech adolescents aged 13-15 years. Prague respondents (N = 398, eighth grade pupils and first-year students of a six-year grammar school) completed two tests of creativity. The first one former was the Torrance Test of Incomplete Figures examining nonverbal creativity, the latter was the original Monkey test examining verbal creativity by writing a short story about a picture. The results of the verbal and nonverbal test of creativity were confronted with the leisure time activities of the respondents. In the case of creative activities and creativity tests, a relation was found by explorative factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson´s correlation coefficient. Furthermore, a positive relation was found between creative leisure time activities and the nonverbal factor and even in the case of verbal factor of creativity (r=0.149 and r=0.161; p<0.01). A positive relation was found between social leisure time activities and verbal factor of creativity among students of grammar school (r=0.143). A negative relation was also found between passive leisure time activities and verbal factor of creativity (r=-0.101; p<0.05). The type of school explained almost 12 % variance of measured creativity in the Torrance Test, gender explained 2 %. Students of grammar schools scored in both creativity tests significantly higher than primary school pupils. Further, gender differences were found in both creativity tests while girls scored significantly higher than boys.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1457. Vztahová vazba a copingové strategie u vězeňské populace

Creator:
Viková, Aneta and Bajgarová, Zdeňka
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
attachment, coping strategies, prison population, vztahová vazba, dopingové strategie, and vězeňská populace
Language:
Czech
Description:
Objectives. The study is aimed at describing attachment and coping strategies in the prison population, and relations between these two variables were tested. Sample and setting. The sample consisted of 122 men serving middle-security sentences mainly for property crime. The attachment was determined by the Czech version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, and coping strategies were measured by The Stress Coping Style Questionnaire SVF 78. Hypotheses. The prisoners’ attachment and coping strategies were expected to be different from those of the normal population. The attachment anxiety and avoidance were expected to be related to coping strategies. Statistical analyses. One sample t-test and Wilcoxon one sample test were used for analyzing the differences in scores between the prison and normal population while the Pearson correlation and linear regression were used to test relations between variables. Results. Inmates were significantly different from the normal population both in their attachment and coping strategies. They exhibited higher attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to the normative sample, fearful avoidant attachment prevailed. Prisoners demonstrated higher Play Down, Distraction from Situation, Substitutional Satisfaction, Flight Tendency, Self-accusation, and Active Avoidance, they exhibited lower Guilt Denial and Rumination. Relational avoidance correlated negatively with positive coping strategies, relational anxiety correlated positively with negative coping strategies. Limitations. The main limitation of this study is the use of a non-representative sample and the self-assessment form of the methods employed. and Předkládaná studie se zabývala vztahovou vazbou a copingovými strategiemi u vězeňské populace. Zkoumaný vzorek tvořilo 122 mužů ve výkonu trestu se středním stupněm zabezpečení. Vztaho-vá úzkostnost a vyhýbavost byla měřena pomocí české verze dotazníku Experiences in Close Re-lationships scale, copingové strategie pomocí do-tazníku Strategie zvládání stresu SVF 78. Vězňové měli statisticky vyšší hodnoty vzta-hové úzkostnosti a vyhýbavosti v porovnání s normální populací. Při porovnání copingových strategií vězňů s normami dotazníku se proká-zaly celkově vyšší hodnoty jak negativních, tak pozitivních strategií. Nicméně u obou typů stra-tegií se většina zvýšených hodnot týkala vyhý-bavých způsobů zpracování stresu. Potvrdil se předpoklad, že mezi vztahovou úzkostností a vyhýbavostí a copingovými strate-giemi u zkoumaného vzorku existuje souvislost. Tendence ke vztahové vyhýbavosti souvisela s nižší mírou pozitivních copingových strategií, kdežto vztahová úzkostnost spíše s vyšší mírou negativních copingových strategií.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1458. Warming Vistula River - the effects of climate and local conditions on water temperature in one of the largest rivers in Europe

Creator:
Ptak, Mariusz, Sojka, Mariusz, Graf, Renata, Choiński, Adam, Zhu, Senlin, and Nowak, Bogumił
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
water temperature, transit rivers, trends, transformation factors, and Central Europe
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper evaluates changes in the water temperature of the Vistula River – one of the longest rivers in Europe. Mean monthly and annual water temperatures from the period 1971–2017 for 11 stations along the entire length of the river revealed the increasing trends. The mean increase in water temperature in the analysed multi-annual period was 0.31 °C dec–1. In the majority of analysed stations, the key factor determining changes in the water temperature of the river was air temperature. The observed water warming in the Vistula River should be considered an exceptionally unfavourable situation in the context of importance of water temperature for a number of processes and phenomena occurring in river ecosystems. Given the scale of changes, fast measures should be undertaken to slow down the warming.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1459. Warp-speed adaptation to novel hosts after 300 generations of enforced dietary specialisation in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

Creator:
Price, Thomas N., Leonard, Aoife, and Lancaster, Lesley T.
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, brouci, mandelinkovití, beetles, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Bruchinae, Callosobruchus maculatus, emerging crop pests, host shifts, genetic variation, adaptation trajectory, evolvability, experimental evolution, quasi-natural selection, heritability, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Herbivorous insects are often highly specialised, likely due to trade-offs in fitness on alternative host species. However, some pest insects are extremely adaptable and readily adopt novel hosts, sometimes causing rapid expansion of their host range as they spread from their original host and geographic origin. The genetic basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict or mitigate global insect pest outbreaks. We investigated the trajectory of early adaptation to novel hosts in a regionally-specialised global crop pest species (the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus). After experimentally-enforced dietary specialisation for nearly 300 generations, we measured changes in fitness over the first 5 generations of adaptation to 6 novel hosts. Of these, C. maculatus reproduced successfully on all but one, with reduced fitness observed on three hosts in the first generation. Loss of fitness was followed by very rapid, decelerating increases in fitness over the first 1-5 generations, resulting in comparable levels of population fitness to that observed on the original host after 5 generations. Heritability of fitness on novel hosts was high. Adaptation occurred primarily via changes in behavioural and phenological traits, and never via changes in offspring survival to adulthood, despite high heritability for this trait. These results suggest that C. maculatus possesses ample additive genetic variation for very rapid host shifts, despite a prolonged period of enforced specialization, and also suggest that some previously-inferred environmental maternal effects on host use may in part actually represent (rapidly) evolved changes. We highlight the need to examine in more detail the genetic architecture facilitating retention of high additive genetic variation for host shifts in extremely adaptable global crop pests., Thomas N. Price, Aoife Leonard, Lesley T. Lancaster., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1460. Water repellency decreases with increasing carbonate content and pH for different biocrust types on sand dunes

Creator:
Drahorad, Sylvie Laureen, Felde, Vincent J. M. N. L., Ellerbrock, Ruth H., and Henss, Anja
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
organic matter composition, surface characteristics, TOF-SIMS, biocrust, carbonate content, and water repellency
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Biocrusts are biological communities that occupy the soil surface, accumulate organic matter and mineral particles and hence strongly affect the properties of the soils they cover. Moreover, by affecting water repellency, biocrusts may cause a preferential infiltration of rainwater, with a high impact on the formation of local water pathways, especially for sand dunes. The aim of this study is to shed light on the connections between water repellency and pH, carbonate and organic matter content in two dune ecosystems with different biocrust types. For this, we used contact angle measurements, gas volumetric carbonate determination and organic matter characterization via FT-IR and TOFSIMS. In both ecosystems, moss-dominated biocrusts showed higher water repellency and higher amounts of organic matter compared to algal or cyanobacterial biocrusts. Surprisingly, the biocrusts of the two dune systems did not show differences in organic matter composition or organic coatings of the mineral grains. Biocrusts on the more acidic dunes showed a significantly higher level of water repellency as compared to higher carbonate containing dunes. We conclude that the driving factor for the increase in water repellency between cyanobacterial and moss-dominated biocrusts within one study site is the content of organic matter. However, when comparing the different study sites, we found that higher amounts of carbonate reduced biocrust water repellency.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public