A major reform in the reign of Joseph II was the establishment in 1786 of the provincial building directorates, through which the court aimed to regulate all public building works in the monarchy. Although the original aim of unifying building regulations throughout the realm was never achieved, the reform was a success and remained in force, with a few minor amendments, until the revolutionary year of 1848. One reason for its success was the elite corps of civil engineers who staffed these institutions. This study looks at advances in technical education, especially engineering, in the Habsburg monarchy from the beginning of the 18th century and the emergence of the Collegia Nobilia, or elite colleges, where graduates were prepared for a career in the Imperial Army. Besides military architecture, the colleges also taught the fundamentals of civil engineering, turning out some of the best‐trained creators of early modern architecture. The development and nature of this elite engineering training is examined with reference to the engineering academies of Prague, Vienna and Olomouc. In all three cases we stress the colleges’ status within the state framework, and their evolution in the light of changing official doctrine and methods of instruction. In all three cases it is clear that during the latter half of the 18th century the original ‘aristocratic’ colleges began to decline and were slowly replaced by similar state‐controlled establishments. As a first step, the court of Joseph II introduced a specialized course in practical architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. From around 1800 this model was gradually superseded by the progressive French‐style polytechnic, a modified version of which remains the standard model for technical education to this day., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Článek pojednává o principech a provedení koherentních difrakčních metod pro účely zobrazování mikroskopických objektů. Donedávna šlo o techniky využívané spíše jen výjimečně. S rozvojem a stále rostoucí dostupností výkonových zdrojů koherentního krátkovlnného záření, především vysokých harmonických (high-order harmonics) a rentgenových laserů různých typů. však nachází stále širší uplatnění., In the last decade, the field of microscopy has experienced a revolution in the application of coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) methods. In particular, thanks to the availability of high brilliance short wavelength sources, CDI is now used for a large number of applications such as biological imaging, material research or nanoscale investigation of magnetic domains. Furthermore, the recent development of high brightness X-ray and EUV laboratory sources will extend the applications of short wavelength CDI from large facilities, such as synchrotrons, to small laboratories and universities., Michal Odstrčil., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Jednoduchou transformaci RST (Reciprocal Slope Transformation) dvou proměnných x (nezávislá) a y (závislá) vyjádřenou jako [y] = x/y (transformovaná veličina je označena hranatou závorkou) lze s úspěchem využít k popisu experimentálních závislostí blízkých přímé úměrnosti., The reciprocal slope transformation (RST) for variables x (independent) and y (dependent) is given [y] = x/y where the transformed quantity is denoted by the square brackets. The simple rules for calculation with this transformation are developed. The use of the transformation is demonstrated on analysis of sorption phenomena., Jiří Blahovec., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rentgenofluorescenční a infračervená spektroskopie patří mezi nejvíce využívané analytické metody při materiálových průzkumech iluminovaných rukopisů, kodexů a graduálů. V článku je stručně popsán princip obou metod a základní instrumentace. Na třech konkrétních případech - průzkumu rukopisů z archivního fondu Desky zemské Království českého, Kodexu Václava z Jihlavy a Graduálu mistra Václava - je ukázáno využití informací získaných pomocí těchto metod pro samotné konzervování a restaurování., X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy are the most widely used analytical methods for material surveys of illuminated manuscripts, codexes and graduals. This article briefly describes the principle of both methods and basic instrumentation. In three specific cases - a survey of manuscripts from the archival fund of Land registers of the Bohemian Kingdom, the Václav o Jihlava Codex and the Gradual Master Wenceslas - the use of information obtained through these methods for preservation and restoration is demonstrated., Michal Ďurovič, Tomáš Trojek, Tomáš Čechák, Hana Paulusová, Klára Drábková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
V polovině roku 2014 začalo fungovat laserové centrum HiLASE v nové budově v Dolních Břežanech nedaleko Prahy. V centru jsou vyvíjeny vysokovýkonné lasery, které budou použity pro pokročilé aplikace. Čtyřletý výzkum již přinesl řadu původních výsledků a první lasery jsou již v provozu [1, 2]. V článku uvádíme přehled používaných laserových technologií, vyvíjených laserových systémů a nových diagnostických metod., At the new HiLASE laser centre, which started to operate in the middle of 2014, lasers with high average power intended for high-tech applications are developed. So far progress has brought several original results and the first lasers are in operation. This paper presents an overview of the laser technologies used, lasers under development and new diagnostic methods., Ondřej Novák, Martin Smrž, Michal Chyla, Siva S. Nagisetty, Hana Turčičová, Jiří Mužík, Patricie Severová, Pawel Sikocinski, Jakub Měsíček, Jaroslav Huynh, Tomáš Hambálek, Jens Linnemann, Alina Pranovich, Taisuke Miura, Akira Endo, Martin Divoký, Ondřej Slezák, Magdalena Sawicka-Chyla, Venkatesan Jambunathan, Petr Navrátil, Lucie Horáčková, David Vojna, Jan Pilař, Stafano Bonora, Antonio Lucianetti, Tomáš Mocek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Remote lasing from long distance towards Earth provides an efficient tool for remote sensing of the upper layers of the atmosphere. The basic element of such a system is a laser producing ultra-short pulses which are first negatively chirped before firing into the Earth‘s atmosphere. The atmospheric air imposes a positive chirp so at distances of several kilometres the laser pulse gets very short and has a very high intensity. At this point the air is ionized and the plasma filament forms a lasing medium., Hana Turčičová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ve středu 15. 7. 2015 ve většině našich hlavních médíí proběhla zpráva, že v CERNu byla objevena nová částice, nazývana pentakvark. Titulky zněly od střízlivého CERN hlásí objev nové částice přes Průlomový objev: Fyzici CERNu izolovali nové částice atomu až po bombastické Pentakvark. Vědecká bomba! CERN objevil částici, kterou hledal půl století. Jak skutečně významný je objev pentakvarku? Dříve než se pokusím na tuto otázku odpovědět, je třeba připomenout základní fakta o našich dnešních znalostech struktury hmoty a vysvětlit, co to jsou pentakvarky., On June 7th, news appeared in the mass media that a new particle called pentaquark, was discovered in CERN. Some headlines announced this finding as a breakthrough. Is the discovery of pentaquarks really so important? In this contribution, we tray to answer this question., Jiří Chýla., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Adventus of Francis I and Maria Theresa to Florence the capital of the grand duchy of Tuscany represents an event that should not be forgotten. A reference to this ceremonial entrance of the emperor that took place on January 20, 1739 is nowadays commemorated by the Arco di Trionfo in Florence, by the relief on sarcophagus of Maria Theresa and Francois I in Imperial Crypt in Vienna as well as in the preserved written records. Based on one of the period sources (Relazione Dell’ Ingresso fatto in Firenze Dalle Altezze Reali del Serenissimo Francesco III Duca di Lorena, e di Bar, ec. ec. Granduca di Toscana, E della Serenissima Maria Teresa, Arciduchessa d’ Austria, e Granduchessa di Toscana. Il dì 20. Gennaio 1738. ab Inc.), the course of the ceremonial entrance was reconstructed. Bearing in mind its author’s intention to provide an idealized record of the event aiming to glorify the new grand duke the text was subjected to collation with hard facts of the period to obtain a more realistic view of the event., Terezie Pilarová a Magdaléna Marjaková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This paper presents the results of the application of wavelet decomposition to processing data from the GGP sites (The Global Geodynamics Project). The GGP is an international project within which the Earth's gravity field changes are recorded with high accuracy at a number of stations worldwide using superconducting gravimeters. Data with a 5-second sampling interval from Wettzell and Bad Homburg were used for the research. The wavelet transform enables the investigation of the temporal changes of the oscillation amplitudes or the decomposition of the time series for the analysis of the required frequencies. The wavelet decomposition was performed using the regular orthogonal symmetric Meyer wavelet. The research concerned data from an earthquake period recorded at various locations and a quiet period when the gravimeters worked without any disturbances. The decomposition was followed by the Fast Fourier Transform for signal frequency components and then by correlation analyses of corresponding frequency components (for periods from 10 to 60 000 seconds) for all sensor combinations, for the quiet and the earthquake periods separately. Frequency components defining long term changes for all sensor combinations, as well as combinations between two sensors at the same site for the quiet days are characterised by high correlation coefficients. For the time of the earthquake, the Wettzell site data proved strong correlation for all frequency components, while the Bad Homburg site data showed an unexpected decrease of correlation for the majority of frequency components. The authors also showed that wavelet decomposition can be a good method of data interpolation, especially from the time of earthquakes. Moreover, it is a very useful tool for filtering the data and removing the noises., Janusz Bogusz, Anna Klos and Wieslaw Kosek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The classical Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded not only on the classical Lebesgue spaces Lp(Rd) (in the case p > 1), but (in the case when 1/p(·) is log-Hölder continuous and p- = inf{p(x): x\in Rd > 1) on the variable Lebesgue spaces Lp(·)(Rd), too. Furthermore, the classical Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is of weak-type (1, 1). In the present note we generalize Besicovitch’s covering theorem for the so-called γ-rectangles. We introduce a general maximal operator Msγδ, and with the help of generalized Φ-functions, the strong- and weak-type inequalities will be proved for this maximal operator. Namely, if the exponent function 1/p(·) is log-Hölder continuous and p- ≥ s, where 1 ≤ s ≤ ∞ is arbitrary (or
p- ≥ s), then the maximal operator Msγδ is bounded on the space Lp(·)(Rd) (or the maximal operator is of weak-type (p(·), p(·)))., Kristóf Szarvas, Ferenc Weisz., and Obsahuje seznam literatury