Cíl: Zhodnocení nálezů v mozkomíšním moku u dětí s paretickým onemocněním a stanovení výtěžnosti vyšetření vzhledem k etiologické diagnóze. Soubor a metodika: Retrospektivně bylo zhodnoceno vyšetření mozkomíšního moku u 227 hospitalizovaných dětí s paretickým postižením periferního nebo centrálního nervového systému. Mozkomíšní mok byl hodnocen cytologicky a biochemicky. Stanovovány byly protilátky proti neurotropním virům, proti borreliím a ve sporných případech byla provedena i detekce bakteriálních antigenů nebo virové nukleové kyseliny pomocí PCR. Výsledky:Zánětlivé změny ve smyslu aseptické meningitidy byly zjištěny u 125 dětí (55 %), proteinocytologická disociace u devíti dětí (4 %), vyšetření mozkomíšního moku ostatních 93 dětí (41 %) bylo negativní. V cytologickém vyšetření převažovaly lymfocyty (průměr 110, medián 10). Hladina bílkoviny v mozkomíšním moku byla 0,4 g/l (medián) a hladina glukózy 3,34 mmol/l (medián). Porucha hemato‑likvorové bariéry byla zjištěna u 55/113 dětí (51 %), z toho v 9 % těžká. Borreliová etiologie byla prokázána u 52 % dětí, z toho 86 % vzorků mělo současně pleocytózu. Virová a mykoplazmová etiologie byla zjištěna u 11 % dětí pouze sérologicky. Etiologie zůstala neprokázána u 37 % dětí. Závěry:Vyšetření mozkomíšního moku přispívá k diagnostice paretických onemocnění. Navzdory negativním meningeálním příznakům u dětí by měla být provedena lumbální punkce k potvrzení nebo vyloučení meningitidy. V našich zeměpisných podmínkách je periferní paréza n. facialis diagnostikována u 95 % dětí s převahou borreliové etiologie. Paretická postižení jiné etiologie se vyskytují vzácně., Aim: To evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in children with paretic involvements and to establish the benefit of such examination with a view to aetiological diagnosis. Material and methods: CSF findings among 227 hospitalized children with paretic involvements of the peripheral or central nervous system were evaluated retrospectively. CSF was analysed cytologically and biochemically. Detected were antibodies against neurotropic viruses, Borrelia and viral nucleic acids by means of PCR. Results: Inflammatory changes due to aseptic meningitis were found in 125 (55%) children, elevation of proteins only in nine (4%) children, and CSF examination was negative in the remaining 93 (41%) children. Cytological examination revealed white blood cells with a predominance of lymphocytes (mean 110, median 10). Median CSF protein was 0.4 g/l and median CSF glucose was 3.34 mmol/l. Disruption of the blood‑CSF barrier was determined in 55/113 (51%) children, while this condition was severe in 9% of the examined children. Borrelial aetiology was confirmed in 52% of the children, while pleocytosis was revealed in 86% of those samples. Viral and mycoplasmal aetiology was proven in 11% of the children only serologically. The aetiology remained unproven in 37% of the children. Conclusion:CSF examination contributed to the diagnosis of paretic involvements in children. Even despite negative meningeal signs in children, spinal tap should be performed to exclude or confirm meningitis. In our geographic conditions, peripheral facial palsy is diagnosed in 95% of children with the predominance of borrelial aetiology. Paretic involvements of other aetiologies occur only rarely., and L. Krbková, K. Holečková, Z. Blechová, V. Marešová, K. Labská, H. Štroblová, J. Bednářová
Nanobiophotonics is one of the most recent interdisciplinary scientific disciplines that originated at the frontiers of nanotechnology, photonics and biomedical sciences. The aim of nanobiophotonics is to transfer the medical diagnostics and therapy to the level of individual proteins and biologically active molecules, acting as cornerstones of the living cell. One of the key roles in its advancement can be attributed to the development of ultrafast pused lasers. These allowed to cross-combine spectroscopic, imaging and time-resolved methods and provide complex, multi-modal information about biological structures and phenomena on the nanometer scale. In our contribution we give an overview of the most important moments mapping the path from the discovery of the first laser to the current state of nanobiophotonic technologies in the world, and perspectives of this new scientific field in Slovakia., Nanobiofotonika je jedným z najmladších interdisciplinárnych vedeckých smerov, ktorý vznikol na pomedzí nanotechnológií, fotoniky a biomedicínskych vied s cieľom preniesť medicínsku diagnostiku a terapiu na úroveň proteínov a biologicky aktívnych molekúl - základných jednotiek živej bunky. Kľúčovú úlohu v jeho rozvoji má predovšetkým vývoj pulzných laserov s ultrakrátkymi impulzmi, ktoré umožnili prepojiť spektroskopické, zobrazovacie a časovo rozlíšené metódy a poskytujú dnes komplexnú multimodálnu informáciu o biologických štruktúrach a javoch na nanometrovej škále. V našom príspevku uvádzame prehľad vybraných významných momentov mapujúcich cestu od objavenia prvého lasera cez súčasny stav nanobiofotonických technológií k perspektívam tejto novej vednej oblasti na Slovensku., Dušan Chorvát ml., Alžbeta Chorvátová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Neurodegenerativní onemocnění, mezi něž patří např. Alzheimerova a Parkinsonova nemoc, se kvůli své neustále se zvyšující prevalenci a nedostupnosti efektivní léčby staly jedním z nejpalčivějších problémů moderní medicíny. Ačkoli existují látky s potenciálním terapeutickým účinkem, hematoencefalická bariéra vytváří účinnou překážku pro transport léků do centrálního nervového systému. Naději pro vyřešení tohoto problému přinesl nástup nanotechnologií umožňujících přípravu částic s přesně navrženými vlastnostmi pro překročení hematoencefalické bariéry. Širokému využití nanočástic pro transport léků brání nedostatečné zmapování jejich biologických vlastností a bezpečnostních rizik. Pokrok v této oblasti společně s rostoucím porozuměním patogenezi neurodegenerativních onemocnění by v budoucnu mohl vést k nalezení jejich efektivní léčby., Due to the continually rising prevalence and lack of effective therapy, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, are among the most serious problems of modern medicine. Even though promising compounds with potential therapeutic effect have been developed, blood-brain barrier impedes their transport to the central nervous system. Nanotechnologies produce particles with properties that enable them to cross the blood-brain barrier and thus provide hope in solving this problem. Wide utilization of nanoparticles for transportation of drugs is prevented by our limited knowledge of their biological properties and their safety profile. Further developments in this field together with increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration may lead to development of effective therapy in the future. Key words: blood-brain barrier – dendrimers – liposomes – nanotubes – carbon – nanoparticles – neurodegenerative diseases The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and M. Filipová, R. Rusina, K. Holada
Different strategies have been developed in the last decade to obtain fat grafts as rich as possible of mesenchymal stem cells, so exploiting their regenerative potential. Recently, a new kind of fat grafting, called "nanofat", has been obtained after several steps of fat emulsification and filtration. The final liquid suspension, virtually devoid of mature adipocytes, would improve tissue repair because of the presence of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). However, since it is probable that many ASCs may be lost in the numerous phases of this procedure, we describe here a novel version of fat grafting, which we call "nanofat 2.0", likely richer in ASCs, obtained avoiding the final phases of the nanofat protocol. The viability, the density and proliferation rate of ASCs in nanofat 2.0 sample were compared with samples of nanofat and simple lipoaspirate. Although the density of ASCs was initially higher in lipoaspirate sample, the higher proliferation rate of cells in nanofat 2.0 virtually filled the gap within 8 days. By contrast, the density of ASCs in nanofat sample was the poorest at any time. Results show that nanofat 2.0 emulsion is considerably rich in stem cells, featuring a marked proliferation capability., D. Lo Furno, S. Tamburino, G. Mannino, E. Gili, G. Lombardo, M. S. Tarico, C. Vancheri, R. Giuffrida, R. E. Perrotta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908), an obligate parasite capable of infecting a range of cell types in almost all warm-blooded animals. Upon infecting an intermediate host, the parasites differentiate into tachyzoites which rapidly infect host tissues. Usually, the invading parasites are cleared by the immune system and administered drugs, but some tachyzoites differentiate into bradyzoites forming tissue cysts. These tissue cysts could serve as a source for re-infection and exacerbations. Currently, treatment for toxoplasmosis is limited and, moreover, there are no drugs for treating the cystic stage thus rendering toxoplasmosis a global burden. Recently, we demonstrated that inorganic nanoparticles showed promising activity against the tachyzoite stage T. gondii. In the present study, we evaluated nanoparticles for effect on bradyzoite formation in vitro. Data revealed that the nanoparticles limited bradyzoite burden in vitro. Further, the nanoparticles decreased the bradyzoite-specific BAG-1 promoter activity relative to the untreated control under a bradyzoite-inducing culture condition, even though this reduction in BAG-1 promoter activity waned with increasing concentrations of nanoparticles. In contrast, a parallel experiment under normal cell culture conditions showed that the nanoparticle treatment mildly increased the BAG-1 promoter activity relative to the untreated control. Taken together, the findings are evidence that nanoparticles not only possess anti-tachyzoite potential but they also have anti-bradyzoite potential in vitro., Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Yuho Murata, Tatsuki Sugi, Yongmei Han, Kentaro Kato., and Obsahuje bibliografii
High grade gliomas are some of the deadliest human tumours. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have only a limited effect. Nowadays, resection is the common treatment of choice and although new approaches, such as perioperative magnetic resonance imaging or fluorescent microscopy have been developed, the survival rate of diagnosed patients is still very low. The inefficacy of conventional methods has led to the development of new strategies and the significant progress of nanotechnology in recent years. These platforms can be used either as novel imaging tools or to improve anticancer drug delivery into tumours while minimizing its distribution and toxicity in healthy tissues. Amongst the new nanotechnology platforms used for delivery into the brain tissue are: polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoshells, carbon nanotubes, superparamagnetic nanoparticles and nucleic acid based nanoparticles (DNA, RNA interference [RNAi] and antisense oligonucleotides [ASO]). These nanoparticles have been applied in the delivery of small molecular weight drugs as well as macromolecules - proteins, peptides and genes. The unique properties of these nanoparticles, such as surface charge, particle size, composition and ability to modify their surface with tissue recognition ligands and antibodies, improve their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. All of the above mentioned characteristics make of nanoplatforms a very suitable tool for its use in targeted, personalized medicine, where they could possibly carry large doses of therapeutic agents specifically into malignant cells while avoiding healthy cells. This review poses new possibilities in the large field of nanotechnology with special interest in the treatment of high grade brain tumours. and P. Krůpa, S. Řehák, D. Diaz-Garcia, S. Filip
Anthracyclines, e.g. doxorubicin, pirarubicin, are widely used as cytostatic agents in the polymer nanotherapeutics designed for the highly effective antitumor therapy with reduced side effects. However, their precise dosage scheme needs to be optimized, which requires an accurate method for their quantification of the cellular level in vitro during nanocarrier development and in body fluids and tissues during testing in vivo. Various methods detecting the anthracycline content in biological samples have already been designed. most of them are highly demanding and they differ in exactness and reproducibility. The cellular uptake and localization is predominantly observed and determined by microscopy techniques, the anthracycline content is usually quantified by chromatographic analysis using fluorescence detection. We reviewed and compared published methods concerning the detection of anthracycline nanocarriers., E. Koziolova, O. Janouskova, P. Chytil, M. Studenovsky, L. Kostka, T. Etrych., and Obsahuje bibliografii