Základním symptomem diabetes mellitus je hyperglykemie. Zvýšené kardiovaskulární riziko (KVR) u pacientů s diabetes mellitus 1. i 2. typu má však multifaktoriální etiologii. Současný negativní vliv hyperglykemie, hypertenze a hyperlipidemie na cévní systém se navzájem potencuje. Důsledná prevence kardiovaskulárních rizikových parametrů u pacientů s diabetes mellitus 2. typu (DM2T) významně snížila mortalitu a morbiditu na kardiovaskulární nemoci. Přesto zbývá „reziduální riziko“. Plné využití potenciálu statinů a jejich kombinace s ezetimibem může ještě více snížit KVR a prodloužit tak život pacientů s DM2T. Význam intervence inhibitory PCSK9 pro snížení kardiovaskulárního rizika u pacientů s diabetes mellitus je předmětem studia., The basic symptom of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia. However the increased cardiovascular risk in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus has a multifactorial etiology. Concurrent negative effects of hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia on the vascular system reinforce one another. Consistent prevention of cardiovascular risk parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T) has brought significant decline in mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases. Still there is “residual risk” remaining. The full use of the potential of statins and their combination with ezetimibe may lower the CV risk even more and extend the life of patients with DM2. The importance of an intervention by means of PCSK9 inhibitors for the cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with diabetes mellitus is the subject of study., and Milan Kvapil
This contribution provides a brief but comprehensive overview of various types and key properties of plasmas. A definition of the plasma state is given and numerous phenomena occurring in plasmas are reviewed., Petr Kulhánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Fluvial archives of the Polish Carpathians bear a record of both climatic and tectonic signatures. The former consist in cyclic development of terrace covers interfingering with and/or overlain by soliluction and slopewash sediments; the latter include disturbances within strath long profiles and differentiated size of erosional downcutting. Valleys of the Outer Carpathians bear five to nine terrace steps of Pleistocene age. Most of these terraces are strath or complex-response ones; the Weichselian and Holocene steps are usually cut-and-fill landforms, except those located in the neotectonically elevated structures characterized by the presence of young straths. Long profiles of individual strath terraces frequently show divergence, convergence, upwarping, downwarping, or faulting that can be indicative of young tectonic control. Moreover, the size and rate of dissection of straths of comparable age are different in different morphotectonic units; a feature pointing to variable pattern of Quaternary uplift. Rates of river downcutting result mainly from climatic changes throughout the glacialinterglacial cycles, but their spatial differentiation appears to be influenced by tectonic factors as well. Examples based on detailed examination of deformed straths and fluvial covers in selected segments of the Polish Carpathian rivers appear to indicate Quaternary reactivation of both normal and thrust bedrock faults. The latter are mostly confined to the eastern portion of the Outer Carpathians. The Early Pleistocene, Holsteinian and Eemian stages of reactivated faulting dominated throughout the study area., Witold Zuchiewicz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Plicní hypertenze (PH) je onemocnění s bohatou etiologií. Také její patofyziologie je značně složitá a možnosti léčby zatím omezené. Většina známých patofyziologických mechanizmů se uplatňuje napříč všemi etiologickými skupinami PH a dochází u nich ke stejným histologickým a funkčním změnám plicní arterie. Většinou však stále nejsme schopni určit, zda příslušný mechanizmus je příčinou nebo následkem jiných. Hlavní funkční změnou plicního řečiště při PH je nerovnováha mezi vazokonstrikcí a vazodilatací. Mezi hlavní morfologické změny označované souhrnně jako remodeling patří hyperplazie buněk plicní arterie vedoucí k jejímu ztluštění a zúžení lumen a dále porušená regulace tvorby extracelulární matrix vedoucí ke snížení její elasticity. Důsledkem všech těchto změn je narůstající periferní vaskulární rezistence plicního řečiště, tedy zvyšování afterloadu pravé srdeční komory progredující až k jejímu selhání. Tento přehledový článek si klade za cíl shrnout a vysvětlit podstatu funkčních a histologických změn plicního řečiště, ke kterým dochází při plicní hypertenzi, odděleně definovat role endotelu a myocytů plicní arterie a představit nejdůležitější známé patofyziologické mechanizmy, které k těmto změnám vedou. Klíčová slova: endotel – myocyt – oxid dusnatý – plicní arterie – plicní hypertenze – regulace intracelulárního kalcia – remodeling, Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is known for its variable etiology. PH pathophysiology is very complex and our therapeutic options are limited. Most of known underlying disease mechanisms play a role across all etiological groups of PH, and they are followed by the same morphological and functional changes of pulmonary vasculature. Mostly, we are not able to determine whether one particular mechanism works as a cause or consequence in the chain of events. An imbalance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation becomes the major functional change of pulmonary vasculature in PH. The main morphological changes (termed together as “remodeling”) include cell hyperplasia of pulmonary artery leading to its thickening and narrowing, and impaired regulation of extracellular matrix production leading to reduction in its elasticity. As a result of all these changes, the peripheral vascular resistance in pulmonary vascular bed rises, thus increasing afterload of the right ventricle and finally progressing to its failure. This review aims to summarize and explain the nature of the functional and histological changes in pulmonary arteries which occur in pulmonary hypertension, separately define the role of endothelium and pulmonary artery myocytes, and discuss the most important known pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to these changes. Key words: endothelium – intracellular calcium signaling – nitric oxide – pulmonary artery – pulmonary hypertension – remodeling – smooth muscle cell, and Martin Helán, Anna Konieczna, Martin Klabusay, Vladimír Šrámek
The profile of hemolymph ecdysteroid was studied in the gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, during larval-pupal transformation. The changes closely correspond to the developmental events occurring at metamorphosis. Two insect growth regulators, plumbagin and azadirachtin, significantly depleted the content and altered the profile of ecdysteroids at crucial stages, when applied at ED50 doses. The activity profiles of two fat body lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and b-galactosidase, were also significantly affected by the insect growth regulators. It is suggested that plumbagin and azadirachtin treatments primarily modify the ecdysteroid titer, which in turn leads to changes in lysosomal enzyme activity causing overt morphological abnormalities during the metamorphic molt., Arulappan Josephrajkumar, Bhattiprolu Subrahmanyam, Srinivasan, and Lit
INTRODUCTION: Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital colonic aganglionosis, usually presented as inability or difficulty in passing of meconium, chronic and persistent obstipation, maleficent feeding, vomiting, distension and lethargy. CASE PRESENTATION: We presented a case of an in-vitro conceived quadruplet premature neonate who presented with pneumoperitoneum caused by transverse colon spontaneous perforation and microcolon appearance of distal bowel, treated by resection and temporary colostomy turns to be a rare manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease. CONCLUSION: Assisted reproductive technologies increases chances for multiple pregnancies and may increase chance for major congenital anomalies. Rare manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease is spontaneous pneumoperitoneum which remains a surgical emergency. Delay in recognizing and treatment can significantly worsen prognosis. In neonate with intestinal perforation one should consider Hirschsprung's disease. and J. Mihanović, I. Jurić, Z. Pogorelić, I. Mrklić, M. Jukić, D. Furlan
The article describes fundamental and application results obtained in the Department of Quantum Electronics of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics (IRE) of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. The early success in detection of the Doppler effect of radiation reflected from the first satellite orbiting the Earth - Sputnik (1957) was in the Department followed by systematic work in the area of ammonia masers, both 14NH3 and 15NH3 (1963-72). Short information is given on the first graduate courses in quantum electronics (1963-64) organized by the Department. Department's program of laser development and applications is discussed in details. The results of four key research projects are reported in the article, i.e., (a) ruby laser and its application in ophthalmology (including the first laser surgery of retina carried out in our laboratory), (b) carbon dioxide IR lasers, (c) UV-Vis gas lasers (blue He-Cd laser, near-ultraviolet nitrogen laser), and (d) tunable dye lasers. Unfortunately, the politically motivated dissolution of the Department in early seventies ended all the promising programs., Jan Blabla, Viktor Trkal., Obsahuje bibliografii, and V anglickém názvu uvedeno chybně Quatum - správně = Quantum