Salivary gland extracts (SGE) from unfed and 5 days led adult female Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758); Haemaphysalis inermis (Birula, 1895) and Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) ticks were prepared. The protein content after feeding increased by 10.6, 8.7 and 6.8 limes, respectively. Extracts were equilibrated to the same protein content and submitted to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by computer analysis of the scanned gels. Relative differences in protein profiles of extracts obtained from unfed and partially fed ticks were found in all species and some of them were similar in all three species used in the study. Results demonstrate that the increase of the protein content in salivary glands during the feeding does not occur proportionally. Some proteins are synthesised preferentially (67.1 kDa, 13.5 kDa) but other bands (in range of 15-16 kDa) present in the SGE derived from unfed ticks arc less discernible in that of fed ticks.
The relative length of telomeres measured in peripheral blood leukocytes is a commonly used system marker for biological aging and can also be used as a biomarker of cardiovascular aging. However, to what extent the telomere length in peripheral leukocytes reflects telomere length in different organ tissues is still unclear. Therefore, we have measured relative telomere length (rTL) in twelve different human tissues (peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain, skin, triceps, tongue mucosa, intercostal skeletal muscle, subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat) from twelve cadavers (age range of 29 week of gestation to 88 years old). The highest rTL variability was observed in peripheral leukocytes, and the lowest variability was found in brain. We found a significant linear correlation between leukocyte rTL and both intercostal muscle (R=0.68, P<0.02) and liver rTL (R=0.60, P<0.05) only. High rTL variability was observed between different organs from one individual. Furthermore, we have shown that even slight DNA degradation (modeled by sonication of genomic DNA) leads to false rTL shortening. We conclude that the rTL in peripheral leukocytes is not strongly correlated with the rTL in different organs., D. Dlouha, J. Maluskova, I. Kralova Lesna, V. Lanska, J. A. Hubacek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of low-dose combined oral contraception (COC) on basal and stimulated (1 μg ACTH test) levels of serum and salivary cortisol (F), cortisone and on basal serum cortisol binding globulin (CBG), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dehydroepiadrosterone (DHEA) and calculated free cortisol in healthy young women. Three-month administration of COC resulted in 1) significant increase of basal (454.0±125.0 to 860.9±179.7 nmol/l) and ACTH-stimulated serum cortisol in 30th min (652.3±60.5 to 1374.1±240.6 nmol/l); 2) no significant change of basal (15.4±7.3 to 18.9±8.5 nmol/l) and ACTH-stimulated salivary cortisol at the 30th min (32.4±8.8 to 32.9±9.0 nmol/l); 3) no significant change of basal serum cortisone (38,8±7.68 to 45.2±24.2 nmol/l) and ACTH-stimulated cortisone at the 30th (34.8±10.9 to 47.0±35.7 nmol/l); 4) significant increase of basal ACTH (17.2±9.0 to 38.2±29.4 ng/l), CBG (991.0±161.0 to 2332.0±428.0 nmol/l), and 5) no significant change of basal DHEA (24.6±15.7 to 22.6±11.7 μmol/l) and calculated basal value for free cortisol (22.8±14.9 to 19.2±6.9nmol/l). In conclusions, higher basal and ACTH-stimulated serum cortisol were found after three-month administration of COC, while basal and stimulated salivary cortisol were not significantly affected. Therefore, salivary cortisol can be used for assessment of adrenal function in women regularly using COC., K. Šimůnková, L. Stárka, M. Hill, L. Kříž, R. Hampl, K. Vondra., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The development of knowledge on geodynamic processes is one of the most important issues in the Earth’s science. Over decades, geodetic techniques have been applied to study the geodynamics. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been reliably used for monitoring geodynamic processes. The satellite gravimetric missions such as GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have provided numerous valuable information concerning temporal mass variations within the Earth system which can subsequently be converted to surface deformations of the Earth. The main aim of this study is to compare vertical deformations of the Earth's surface over the area of SouthEastern Poland obtained from GNSS data with the corresponding ones determined from GRACE data. The GNSS data for the period between 2008 and 2013 from 25 permanent GNSS stations operating in South-Eastern Poland and the latest release of GRACE-based Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) were used. GNSS data and GRACE-based GGMs were processed with the GAMIT/GLOBK and the IGiK‒TVGMF (Institute of Geodesy and Cartography - Temporal Variations of Gravity/Mass Functionals) packages, respectively. The results obtained indicate that monthly vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface determined using GNSS data are generally in a good agreement with the corresponding ones obtained from GRACE satellite mission data. Coefficients of correlation between these vertical deformations range from 0.60 to 0.90 and standard deviations of their differences are in the range of 2.6 - 5.7 mm., Walyeldeen Godah, Malgorzata Szelachowska, Jagat Dwipendra Ray and Jan Krynski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The patterns of random amplified fragments and molecular karyotypes of 12 isolates of anuran trypanosomes continuously cultured in vitro were compared by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The time interval between preparation of two series of samples was one year. Changes were not observed in the number and size of sharp, amplified fragments of DNA samples from both series examined with the ten primers used. Likewise, changes in the molecular karyotypes were not detected between the two samples of these isolates. These results suggest that the molecular karyotype and the RAPD patterns of the anuran trypanosomes remain stable after being cultured continuously in vitro for one year.
The article introduces the basic principles of compensation for medical malpractice, mainly by means of a civil liability sytem, in the Czech Republic. It outlines the normative framework and illustrates its application in practice on selected case law of Czech courts. As the judicial system has both advantages and disadvantages, available alternatives to court proceedings are also discussed even if they tend to be uaed rather conservatively. Furthermore, the text presents changes to the law, including those already carried out by the relatively new Civil Code and some potential future developments, together with remarks about the overall legal context in which the system of compensation for harm from healthcare operates., Tomáš Holčapek, Petr Šustek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This study investigated whether each part of the heart is evenly innervated by the left or right vagus and observed the mechanism of compensatory recovery after unilateral cervical vagotomy. HR, BP, LVSP and ±dp/dt max all decreased one week after left vagotomy, whereas only BP and -dp/dt max decreased one week after right vagotomy. We stern blot analyses revealed that the expression of M2 receptors in the left atrium and left ventricle was upregulated after subacute (1 week) left/right vagotomy. However, significantly more cholinesterase-positive nerves in LV and RV were seen one week after unilateral vagotomy compared to the sham-operated group. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity was increased after subacute right vagotomy. The decreasing effects of ACh (0.5 μ g/kg) on LVSP and ±dp/dt max (but not on HR and BP) were facilitated by subacute unilateral vagotomy. Our present experiments indicate that 1) the working myocardium is innervated bilaterally by the vagus, 2) ventricular contractility is influenced more by denervation of the left than the right vagus and 3) up-regulation of M2 muscarinic receptors in the left heart, increase of cholinergic nerves, and high baroreflex sensitivity could be involved in the mechanism of compensatory hemodynamic recovery via contralateral vagus overactivity, thereby amplifying contralateral vagal activity and decreasing cardiac contractility., L. N. Chen, W. J. Zang, X. J. Yu, J. Liu, D. L. Li, S. S. Kong, J. Lu, X. L. Xu., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Short-term thymectomized (two months after thymectomy) adult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) infected with the flagellate Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951 responded well during primary infection with C. salmositica and recovered fish also showed secondary response (rapid production of complement fixing antibody after homologous challenge) five months after recovery. Complement fixing antibody was detected during primary and secondary responses and the titres of complement fixing antibody in thymectomized fish were significantly lower than those in infected intact fish. The parasitaemia in thymectomized infected fish was significantly lower than in intact infected fish. Both recovered thymectomized fish and intact fish were protected from cryptobiosis when they were challenged. Similarly, long-term thymectomized fish (nine months after thymectomy) vaccinated with an attenuated strain of C. salmositica were protected from cryptobiosis. There were no significant difference (P > 0.05) in parasitaemia, packed cell volume and complement fixing antibody titres between vaccinated/challenged thymectomized and vaccinated/challenged intact fish. Hence, thymectomy in adult rainbow trout did not decrease the detectable complement fixing antibody against C. salmositica in long-term thymectomized fish but reduced the detectable protective antibody in short-term thymectomized fish.
Pankreatoduodenektomie (PD) je výkonem volby v léčbě resekabilních periampulárních a pankreatických karcinomů a u některých pacientů s chronickou pankreatitidou. PD je jedním z nejnáročnějších GI/ HPB chirurgických výkonů, který zahrnuje resekci několika orgánů a rekonstrukci s několika anastomózami. Přestože mortalita se snížila na méně než 5 %, morbidita je neustále vysoká. Pacienti podstupující PD jsou většinou starší s přidruženými komorbiditami– všeobecné komplikace po takto náročném výkonu, např. ranné, hrudní, kardiální a venózní trombembolické jsou časté. Hlavní peroperační morbiditou PD je krvácení, které může být z vícero míst, jako například z lůžka žlučníku, choledochálních žil, gastrokolického trunku, pankreatoduodenálních žil, jejunálních žil, uncinátních žil a z resekované plochy pankreatu. Při preparaci ductus choledochus může dojít k poranění aberantní arteria hepatica dextra (z arteria mesenterica superior). Pankreatický únik je definován jako přítomnost tekutiny bohaté na amylázu (>3x sérová amyláza) ve drénech po dobu delší než 3 dny. Rozděluje se na typy A (bez klinického dopadu), B (perzistující, infikovaná) a C (systémová sepse, reoperace). Vyšetřením volby je počítačová tomografie; lokalizovaná kolekce se může perkutánně zadrénovat. Velký únik si vyžaduje revizi s provedením laváže a drenáže; neměla by se pokoušet korekce či předělání anastomózy. Měkký pankreas a nedilatovaný vývod jsou dva nejdůležitější rizikové faktory pro únik z pankreatické anastomózy; role oktreotidu v prevenci úniku je diskutabilní. Předoperační drenáž žlučových cest použitím endoskopicky zavedeného stentu může snížit krvácivé komplikace regulací koagulopatie, ale zvyšuje riziko infekčních komplikací. Pooperační krvácení může být časné nebo pozdní a intraluminální nebo intraabdominální. Časné intraabdominální krvácení má chirurgickou příčinu – buď jde o uvolněnou ligaturu např. z gastroduodenální arterie, nebo jedné z žil, nebo pankreatoduodenálního lůžka; měla by se provést revize a ošetření krvácení pokud je závažné. Časné intraluminální krvácení bývá z jedné z anastomóz- nejčastěji pankreatické. UGIE vylučuje krvácení z gastroduodenální anastomózy (pokud se vyskytne, lze řešit endoskopicky). Krvácení z pankreatického pahýlu se řeší reoperací − snesením přední vrstvy anastomózy nebo provedením jejunotomie. Pozdní intraabdominální krvácení bývá z pseudoaneuryzmatu tepny, obvykle gastroduodenální, způsobeného erozí abscesem sekundárně z úniku; léčbou volby je angioembolizace. Pozdní intraluminální krvácení bývá způsobené stresovým vředem při systémové sepsi, většinou sekundárně po úniku a intraabdominální sepsi. Opožděné vyprazdňování žaludku a akutní pankreatitida jsou dalšími častými komplikacemi. Reoperace po PD jsou četné, nejčastější příčinou je krvácení, poté únik; mortalita po revizi je vysoká. Mezi dlouhodobé komplikace patří stenóza anastomózy (PJ/ HJ), endokrinní a exokrinní nedostatečnost, neschopnost přibrat na váze a špatná kvalita života. Klíčová slova: pankreatoduodenektomie – komplikace, Pancreato-duodenectomy (PD) is the procedure of choice for management of resectable periampullary and pancreatic cancers and some patients with chronic pancreatitis. PD is one of the most major GI/ HPB surgical procedures performed involving resection of multiple organs and reconstruction with multiple anastomoses. While mortality of PD has been brought down to less than 5% morbidity still remains high. Patients undergoing PD are usually elderly with comorbidities – general complications of a major operation e.g. wound, chest, cardiac and venous thrombo-embolism, are common. The major intra-operative morbidity of PD is bleeding which can be from multiple sites viz. gall bladder bed, choledochal veins, gastro-colic trunk, pancreato-duodenal veins, jejunal veins, uncinate veins and cut surface of pancreas. An aberrant right hepatic artery (from the superior mesenteric artery) can be injured while dissecting the common bile duct. Pancreatic leak is defined as presence of amylase rich (>3x serum amylase) fluid in drain beyond 3 days. It is graded as A (no clinical impact), B (persists, infected) or C (systemic sepsis, reoperation). Investigation of choice is computed tomography; a localized collection can be drained percutaneously. Major leak requires reexploration at which lavage and drainage should be performed; no attempt should be made to repair or redo the anastomosis. Soft pancreas and undilated duct are the two most important risk factors for pancreatic anastomotic leak; role of octreotide to prevent the leak is debatable. Preoperative biliary drainage in the form of endoscopic stenting may reduce bleeding complications by controlling coagulopathy but increases the risk of infective complications. Postoperative bleed can be early or delayed and intra-luminal or intra-abdominal. Early intra-abdominal bleed is surgical – either a slipped ligature e.g. of the gastro-duodenal artery or one of the veins or from the pancreato-duodenal bed; reexploration should be done to control it if it is severe. Early intra-luminal bleed is from one of the anastomoses – commonest being the pancreatic. UGIE rules out bleed from the gastro/duodenal anastomosis (which if present, can be controlled endoscopically). Control of pancreatic stump bleed requires reoperation - taking down anterior layer of the anastomosis or a jejunotomy. Delayed intra-abdominal bleed is from a pseudo-aneurysm of an artery, usually gastro-duodenal caused by erosion by an abscess secondary to a leak; treatment of choice is angio-embolization. Delayed intra-luminal bleed is because of stress ulcers caused by systemic sepsis usually secondary to a leak and intra-abdominal sepsis. Other common complications include delayed gastric emptying and acute pancreatitis. Reoperations after PD are frequent – commonest cause is bleed, followed by leak; mortality of reexploration is high. Long term complications include anastomotic (PJ/ HJ) stricture, endocrine and exocrine insufficiency and inability to regain weight and poor quality of life. Key words: pancreato-duodenectomy − complications, and V. K. Kapoor