Old-age pension savings is a system functionally linked to the general pension insurance scheme, which focuses on the capitalization of savings accumulated by the saver in their personal pension account. From the administrative-procedural point of view, the pre-contractual part of the pay-out phase of this system is built on the Central Information Bidding System (CIBS), which is thus an important and systemic element of old-age pension savings. The present contribution analyses the tasks and objectives of this information system in the pay-out phase of pensions and, at the same time, asks the question whether it fulfils the functions of current modern information systems and if it thus assists in securing the constitutional right of a natural person to adequate material security in old age or, on the contrary, if it is only an information system that duplicates the rules and approaches introduced by the legislation providing for the method of the savings in the Slovak pension model (by the individualisation of saving with a low economic guarantee) and especially in the process of concluding a contract on the pension insurance that does not support the implementation of the constitutional law in a serious way., Miloš Lacko., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
We offer a new approach to the \emph{information decomposition} problem in information theory: given a `target' random variable co-distributed with multiple `source' variables, how can we decompose the mutual information into a sum of non-negative terms that quantify the contributions of each random variable, not only individually but also in combination? We define a new way to decompose the mutual information, which we call the \emph{Information Attribution} (IA), and derive a solution using cooperative game theory. It can be seen as assigning a "fair share'' of the mutual information to each combination of the source variables. Our decomposition is based on a different lattice from the usual `partial information decomposition' (PID) approach, and as a consequence {the IA} has a smaller number of terms {than PID}: it has analogs of the synergy and unique information terms, but lacks separate terms corresponding to redundancy, instead sharing redundant information between the unique information terms. Because of this, it is able to obey equivalents of the axioms known as `local positivity' and `identity', which cannot be simultaneously satisfied by a PID measure., Nihat Ay, Daniel Polani and Nathaniel Virgo., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Tento článek se zabývá institutem informovaného souhlasu, zásadního právního i etického institutu v oblasti medicíny. Zkoumána je jeho etymologie, jeho ontologický status, jeho normativní síla a konečně i jeho charakteru jako komunikačního aktu. Text má prokázat tezi, že informovaný souhlas je komunikačním aktem - nikoliv pouhým mentálním stavem - který má za určitých podmínek normativní sílu. Tato normativní síla se plně projeví pouze v případě splnění základních podmínek: dostatečného poučení, dostatečného porozumění, svobodné a vážné vůle a kompetence pacienta., This article deals with the institute of informed consent, a fundamental legal and ethical institute in the field of medicine. Its etymology, ontological status, its normative power and, finally, its character as a communication act are studied. The text shows that informed consent is a communicative act - not just an inner mental state and that it has significant normative power. This normative power is manifesting itself only when certain conditions are met: sufficient disclosure, sufficient understanding, voluntariness and competence of the patient., and Adam Doležal.
Článek se zaměřuje na analýzu přístupu vybraných zahraničních právních řádů (Německo, Spojené státy americké), českého právního řádu a projektu DCFR k problematice rozsahu poučení pacienta o rizicích spojených s navrhovanou léčbou. Článek se rovněž snaží zodpovědět otázku, zda je vůbec možné a vhodné rozsah rizik, o nichž je třeba pacienta informovat, konkrétně vymezit, a pokud ano, jakým způsobem., The article is focused on the analysis of the approach of particular foreign legal orders (Germany, USA) as well as the Czech legal order and the DCFR project to the issue of the extent of disclosure of risk information. The article also seeks to answer the question whether or not it is possible and appropriate to define the extent of disclosure of risk information specifically and if so, how., and Ivo Smrž.